Macbeth As A Good Man Led Astray - 1208 Words

â€Å"Macbeth is basically a good man led astray. † Discuss - Trevin Wadugodapitiya, 10D (WET) BB5 In the tragedy Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s downfall was one of much significance, showing the renaissance audience what happens when you go against the Great Chain of Being, and strive for more than what you are given. Even though Macbeth was the one who put himself in that position through greed and paranoia in his actions, his downfall was of shared blame. Lady Macbeth’s temporary influence over Macbeth brought out her ambition, imputing on the downfall of her husband. In the eyes of the modern audience, it is Macbeth and Lady Macbeth whom are held most accountable for the gradual destruction of Macbeth, but in the eyes. But in the eyes of the renaissance audience, the evil, unnatural beings known as the three witc hes were also held accountable for the tragic downfall of this King. Their meddling and interfering with Macbeth’s life by equivocating the truth did play a significant role in his downfall . Though Macbeth was in full control of his actions throughout the play, his actions only had a subsidiary input towards his downfall. Macbeth never truly imagined or executed any of his actions within the play without them being intervened by other characters. Initially in the play he is described as a â€Å"Valiant cousin!† and a â€Å"Worthy gentleman!† who deserves that reputation. However that vision of greatness soon comes to anShow MoreRelated MacBeth is Responsible for His Downfall Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesMacBeth is Responsible for His Downfall    There were many wrongs committed in MacBeth. But who should bear the major responsibility for these actions? The witches prophesising? Lady MacBeths scheming and persuasion? Or should MacBeth himself be held responsible? No doubt the witches and lady MacBeth influenced MacBeth in the course of action he took in his rise to power, but ultimately he must bear the major responsibility for his fate.    The witches played an undoubtedlyRead More Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Witches and Lady Macbeth Hold the Blame1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Witches and Lady Macbeth Cause the Downfall of Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeares tragic play, Macbeth shows the gradual descent of the character Macbeth into the moral abyss.  Ã‚   Macbeths yearning for power draws him to the murder of King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduffs family. It is difficult to understand how a courageous, gentle man such as Macbeth, could be involved in such villainous activities. In truth, it was the witches and Lady Macbeth that transformed into evil Macbeths naturalRead MoreMacbeth s Role As A Traitor921 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth features a man, loyal to his king, who becomes seduced by the allure of power so much he compromises his better judgement to fulfill his own ambitions. This initial spur of ambition is quickly masked by the guilt and paranoia he feels, leading to misjudgment in acts of self-preservation. This production of Macbeth will explore Macbeth’s role as a traitor as well as the themes of supernatural and unmasked ambition. Duncan was not his first murder, h e had been in war and probablyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth2461 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth In Macbeth, look at the following scenes: Act one, scenes one, two and three, Act two, scene two, Act four, scene one and Act five, scenes three, six and seven. What did Macbeths character, words and actions show about changes in his character? Why are these scenes important to the plot and structure of the play and how the themes are presented? The play Macbeth is about a man whose rise to power and fall are influenced by his ownRead More Shakespeares Macbeth - The Transformation of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth2861 Words   |  12 PagesThe Transformation of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth      Ã‚   In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, the characters  Macbeth and Lady Macbeth decide, in a great fit of ambition, to kill King Duncan.   Later in the play we see the same two characters undergo a transformation in their personalities after murdering the King.   Macbeth begins the play as a noble soldier and gradually changes into an ambitious and murdering tyrant.   Lady Macbeth begins as a strong, ambitious woman who dominates her husbandRead MorePlay Macbeth11985 Words   |  48 PagesAt the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subject of the king. The first of the witches prophecies bring out his ambitious nature, but he struggles with killing the king. By attacking his manhood, Lady Macbeth convinces him to committ the first of his evil deeds. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, suffering from hallucinations and s leeplessness. He becomesRead MorePlay Macbeth11979 Words   |  48 PagesAt the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subject of the king. The first of the witches prophecies bring out his ambitious nature, but he struggles with killing the king. By attacking his manhood, Lady Macbeth convinces him to committ the first of his evil deeds. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, suffering from hallucinations and sleeplessness. He becomesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Macbeth8813 Words   |  36 PagesFall of Man The ancient Greek notion of tragedy concerned the fall of a great man, such as a king, from a position of superiority to a position of humility on account of his ambitious pride, or  hubris. To the Greeks, such arrogance in human behavior was punishable by terrible vengeance. The tragic hero was to be pitied in his fallen plight but not necessarily forgiven: Greek tragedy frequently has a bleak outcome. Christian drama, on the other hand, always offers a ray of hope; hence,  Macbeth  endsRead MoreThe Importance of Literature for Christians2056 Words   |  9 Pagesforms of literature available in the world to lead a person astray. It is our responsibility as Christians to read and react responsibly to what we read. Before there was a written text, there was a story. Prior to books, significant stories and events that occurred would be told from generation to generation. The Bible’s Old Testament is a series of books collected over hundreds of years telling God’s story of creation, the fall of man into sin, and the promise of redemption and salvation. When

Studying Electrical Engineering Benefits Humanity

Studying Electrical Engineering Benefits Humanity Introduction In 1882, the Physics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) offered the first optional course in electrical engineering (Berry, DiPiazza, Sauer, 2003, p.467). Since that time electrical engineers have led the way in fields ranging from communications to transportation, computing and electricity generation. This means that the devices and systems that people take for granted in their daily lives have come into existence due largely to the efforts of electrical engineers. Televisions, cell phones, stereos, computers, robotics, medical technologies, and the Internet, along with the electrical generation that powers them all, were made possible through the†¦show more content†¦Though DC is still used in many devices, it is alternating current that delivers electricity into homes and businesses throughout the world today. This may be the most important engineering feat of the late 19th and 20th centuries. Brining electricity to customers throughout the wo rld changed people’s lives forever. From simple electrical lighting to appliances such as refrigerators and ovens, life changes in innumerable ways and these changes continued to accelerate as technology expanded and was used in new and exciting ways. It was the engineers who led this charge and made the technologies both safe and efficient. Today we take many of these changes for granted, but at the time the impact was immediate and dramatic. It was only a generation earlier that many people had to rely on carrying water to their homes and heating it over a fire for baths or cooking. They had no way to keep food from spoiling in hot summer months. They had to light their homes and businesses with dangerous open flame sources of light and heat. All of this changed rapidly with the introduction of electricity into homes. Washers, dryers, dishwashers, radios, televisions, vacuum cleaners and all other sorts of devices designed to improve and simplify lives would soon find

The Pantheon Temple Dedicated to All Gods Free Essays

Pantheon, temple dedicated to all the gods. The Pantheon of Rome is the best-preserved major edifice of ancient Rome and one of the most significant buildings in architectural history. In shape it is an immense cylinder concealing eight piers, topped with a dome and fronted by a rectangular colonnaded porch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pantheon: Temple Dedicated to All Gods or any similar topic only for you Order Now The great vaulted dome is 43. 2 m (142 ft) in diameter, and the entire structure is lighted through one aperture, called an oculus, in the center of the dome.The Pantheon was erected by the Roman emperor Hadrian between AD 118 and 128, replacing a smaller temple built by the statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 27 BC. In the early 7th century it was consecrated as a church, Santa Maria ad Martyres, to which act it owes its survival (see Architecture). The term pantheon also refers to a building that serves as a mausoleum or memorial for eminent personages of a country. The most famous example is the Church of Sainte Genevieve in Paris, designed (1764) in the classical style by the French architect Jacques Germain Soufflot.It was later secularized, renamed the Pantheon, and used as a temple to honor the great of France. Built in Rome, AD c. 118-28, in the reign of Emperor Hadrian, the Pantheon is the best preserved and most impressive of all Roman buildings. It has exerted an enormous influence on all subsequent Western architecture. The Pantheon asserts the primacy of space as contained volume over structure in the most dramatic fashion.From the time of the Pantheon onward, Roman architecture was to be one of spatial volumes. The Pantheon was designed and built by Hadrian to replace an earlier temple established by Agrippa (the misleading inscription in the entrance frieze refers to this earlier edifice). The existing structure is an immense round temple covered by a single dome, fronted by a transitional block and a traditional temple portico of eight Corinthian columns carrying a triangular pediment. How to cite The Pantheon: Temple Dedicated to All Gods, Papers

The Eagle By Alfred Lord Tennyson Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Matt Ifkovitz Period 2 The Eagle A brief but powerful verse forms written by the great Victorian poet, Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Eagle is an inspiring poetic piece. Tennyson, recognized as the greatest poet in Victorian England, was distinguished as poet laureate in1850. Readers from all over looked to his verse forms for advice on the major issues set uping their lives. Tennyson began composing poesy when he was ten and published his first book of poesy with the aid of his brother, Poems by Two Brothers. In 1830 Tennyson published the first volume of poetry to look under his ain name, Poems, Chiefly Lyrical. For 12 old ages after that Tennyson took a interruption from composing due to decease of a close friend. He returned to poesy and in 1842 published Poems, a two-volume aggregation. Tennyson was so adept in modeling the English linguistic communication in rime and beat that his poesy is as popular today as it was 150 old ages ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eagle By Alfred Lord Tennyson Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can be proven by one of Tennyson? s deepest and most symbolic verse forms, The Eagle. The verse form # 8217 ; s facade Tells of a great American symbol, an bird of Jove, watching over the sea as the leader of the land. Deeper down the verse form Tells of acquiring older and seeking to keep to life bask the clip you have. The Eagle, a short lyrical chef-doeuvre, merely holding two short stanzas with three lines each and a slightly simple rime strategy, doesn? Ts need length to acquire its point across. Tennyson does this by utilizing many words that have more than one meeting, or intensions. Each line of this verse form has a deeper or symbolic significance to it. ? He clasps the crag with crooked custodies? . The? he? in this line is mentioning to an aged individual and he is keeping a? crag? , life, with his old, weak, ? crooked custodies? . Close to the? su n? , heaven, in the? alone lands? , by himself. Aged people are ever entirely whether it be mentally or really living by themselves in and old house or a nursing place. Becoming old is synonymous with being lonely. ? Ringed with the cerulean universe he stands? , is depicting person who is really much alive. He is surrounded by old people who are crippled or can non walk, ? The wrinkly sea beneath him crawls. ? ? He watches? the outside universe from interior of his room, ? mountain walls? . Then he dies, ? like a bolt of lightning falls. ? It is obvious that this poems deeper character is of an aged individual seizing to life but basking the clip that he has and so diing. Keep onto the clip that you have every bit long as you have. There are some words in the verse form that can be confounding to the reader. If you don? t understand the significance of crag ( a steep rugged stone lifting above others ) or cerulean ( the deep bluish colour of the clean sky ) , this verse form might be confounding. Tennyson uses these words along with initial rhyme, ? clasps, crag, crooked, shut? and a batch of symbolism in order to make more deepness to the verse form and to acquire his point across to the reader. Possibly the most of import symbols in the verse form are? crag? and besides the phrase? he falls? . ? Crag? symbolizes life. He is keeping onto life. ? He falls? symbolizes death. This Eagle is a really inspiring piece. On its outer tegument it describes an bird of Jove, the symbol of America, freedom. Although it is a verse form from Britain, it could really easy hold roots in America. Feeling really strongly about America and the freedom that it provides, The Eagle is possibly the best definition of life life in a free state. You live free and every bit long as you hold on to life in your ulterior old ages you are free and the minute you are deceasing, you die free.

Chinese Economic Reform Essays (4177 words) - Chinese Communists

Chinese Economic Reform Two years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many of China's leaders that economic reform was necessary. During his tenure as China's premier, Mao had encouraged social movements such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution which had had as their bases ideologies such as serving the people and maintaining the class struggle. By 1978 "Chinese leaders were searching for a solution to serious economic problems produced by Hua Guofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as CCP leader after Mao's death" (Shirk 35). Hua had demonstrated a desire to continue the ideologically based movements of Mao. Unfortunately, these movements had left China in a state where "agriculture was stagnant, industrial production was low, and the people's living standards had not increased in twenty years" (Nathan 200). This last area was particularly troubling. While "the gross output value of industry and agriculture increased by 810 percent and national income grew by 420 percent [between 1952 and 1980] ... average individual income increased by only 100 percent" (Ma Hong quoted in Shirk 28). However, attempts at economic reform in China were introduced not only due to some kind of generosity on the part of the Chinese Communist Party to increase the populace's living standards. It had become clear to members of the CCP that economic reform would fulfill a political purpose as well since the party felt, properly it would seem, that it had suffered a loss of support. As Susan L. Shirk describes the situation in The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, restoring the CCP's prestige required improving economic performance and raising living standards. The traumatic experience of the Cultural Revolution had eroded popular trust in the moral and political virtue of the CCP. The party's leaders decided to shift the base of party legitimacy from virtue to competence, and to do that they had to demonstrate that they could deliver the goods. (23) This movement "from virtue to competence" seemed to mark a serious departure from orthodox Chinese political theory. Confucius himself had posited in the fifth century BCE that those individuals who best demonstrated what he referred to as moral force should lead the nation. Using this principle as a guide, China had for centuries attempted to choose at least its bureaucratic leaders by administering a test to determine their moral force. After the Communist takeover of the country, Mao continued this emphasis on moral force by demanding that Chinese citizens demonstrate what he referred to as "correct consciousness." This correct consciousness could be exhibited, Mao believed, by the way people lived. Needless to say, that which constituted correct consciousness was often determined and assessed by Mao. Nevertheless, the ideal of moral force was still a potent one in China even after the Communist takeover. It is noteworthy that Shirk feels that the Chinese Communist Party leaders saw economic reform as a way to regain their and their party's moral virtue even after Mao's death. Thus, paradoxically, by demonstrating their expertise in a more practical area of competence, the leaders of the CCP felt they could demonstrate how they were serving the people. To be sure, the move toward economic reform came about as a result of a "changed domestic and international environment, which altered the leadership's perception of the factors that affect China's national security and social stability" (Xu 247). But Shirk feels that, in those pre-Tienenmen days, such a move came about also as a result of an attempt by CCP leaders to demonstrate, in a more practical and thus less obviously ideological manner than Mao had done, their moral force. This is not to say that the idea of economic reform was embraced enthusiastically by all members of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978. To a great extent, the issue of economic reform became politicized as the issue was used as a means by Deng Xiaoping to attain the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Mao's successor, Hua Guofeng, had "tried to prove himself a worthy successor to Mao by draping himself in the mantle of Maoist tradition. His approach to economic development was orthodox Maoism with an up-to-date, international twist" (Shirk 35). This approach was tied heavily to the development of China's oil reserves. "[W]hen [in 1978] estimates of the oil reserves were revised downward[,] commitments to import plants and expand heavy industry could not be sustained" (Shirk 35). Deng took advantage of this economic crisis to discredit Hua and aim for leadership of the party. "Reform policies became Deng's platform

Televisions role in the 1950s

Televisions role in the 1950s The 1950s were a period of American pride and honor. Times were great following World War II, the postwar economy was booming and never have so many people had so much time on their hands. People were in the spending mood and the businessmen found a medium in which they can get their products to the consumers. The television came into be the medium in communicating to the people. Unlike the radio before it, the television made it possible to view live events right in ones living room. The earliest television sets started appearing households was in the mid-1940s. By 1949 the tides were turning and the television was overtaking the radio. By 1955 the television had taken over completely, and one can be found in almost every American household. It became a way for families to bond in the newly created suburbs. The television united the American society by showing the nations politics, promoting capitalistic consumerism in advertising, and portraying images of the ideal! By the end of 1952, the television had permeated well into America with 19 million sets in American households. People were now being introduced to politics through the television. Instead of just reading or hearing about political events in the newspaper or on the radio, the people were now able to watch them on television. The first politician to achieve stardom through the television was Estes Kefauver. Estes was a Senator from Tennessee, who was such a poor speaker to audiences that he grabbed their attention through sympathy. In 1948, Estes ran against Senator Tom Steward, and in the process, to challenge the powerful machine of boss Ed Crump in Memphis. He won the election handily, and stopping organized crime in America was next on his list (Halberstam: The 1950s). By 1951, the New York area alone in the previous twelve months, the number of homes with television se...

HISTORY (1861-1992) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HISTORY (1861-1992) - Research Paper Example Du Bois used mostly his own experiences of being an African-American in an American society to develop the essays and illustrate the conditions of the souls of those African-American and outline how their living conditions felt. In the forethought to the book where Du Bois offers a brief introduction, he says, 'Herein lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here in the dawning of the Twentieth Century.' (Du Bois, Forethought). This book was an essential insight into the souls of the black folk, standing not only for its time, but perhaps holding true even today, despite considerable progress and change. This essay aims to examine that proposition and prove that it is indeed true. In the aforementioned forethought, Du Bois laid down the foundation of the theme the rest of the book was to focus on, and through which he explains the conditions of those African-Americans. He does so by referencing to a certain Veil (with the V capita lized to indicate its being an entity of its own and not just a commonplace divide) that divided or partitioned the African-American man from his American surroundings. He compares the veil to a certain line that divides color, or a color line, as he also calls it, and says that every African-American lives within it and views his world in reference to it. Elaborating on this veil, he further goes on to say in the following chapter, when relating an experience as a little boy where he was forced to acknowledge his being different, and where he realized the existance of this veil first, that â€Å"... it dawned upon me with a certain suddenness that I was different from the others; or like, may-hap, in heart and life and longing, but shut out from their world by a vast veil. I had thereafter no desire to tear down that veil, to creep through; I held all beyond it in common contempt and lived above it†¦.† (Du Bois, Chapter 1). But he goes on to say that even though he in h is own vision had decided to keep all beyond it in contempt and beat them all, he realized that he could not, for everything was theirs to own, and he could merely desire to own it from them. With a poverty rate that's almost double than that for white Americans (O'Hare, 2009) is that not something many under-privileged African-American youths of today can also relate to? Du Bois further remarked at how it felt to be an outcast, or a 'problem', or to be viewed as one, and how as a result of it, he found his peers withdrawing to within this Veil and wasting themselves away in bitterness. Du Bois also says that the reason racism exists and continue to block the inhibition of the African-American man is because of this Veil and the distance and isolation they feel beneath it, a feeling, that despite the democracy and progress is still applicable to and experienced by many (Alexander, 2008). Towards the second half of the book, Du Bois, in his position and time, aimed to minimize this d istance and aura of isolation around the common African-American man living in an American society and says, 'The present generation of Southerners is not responsible for the past, and they should not be blindly hated or blamed for it.' (Du Bois, Chapter 3). He also references the achievements of Booker T. Washington, and said that while he had done much to bring about harmony among the African-American and white American folk, his policies of encouraging African-Americans to give up their political power, civil rights and higher

Skin lightening obsession in asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Skin lightening obsession in asia - Essay Example Man is asocial being whose decisions concerning several aspects of the society are influenced by a number of factors especially by the things that happen around them. With the coming and expansion of technology, the human society has realized tremendous expansion through knowledge of distant places thus influencing people’s perceptions concerning various activities and events taking place around the globe. The problems associated with the practice of skin lightening among various societies have prompted the backgrounds of this study Skin lightening is utterly influenced by the society’s definition of beauty as influenced by the dominant cultures, majorly the western culture. Different societies have different definitions for the term beauty and the asscoiated apearences. Due to the close connectivity between various sociaeties through the internet connectivity and technolgogical developments, these definitions have continued to tremendously influence perceptioons in the other communties far and wide. However, practicin skin lightenmign has not been without its disadvantages as Bush, (2013) records hence the main concern on the influence of the media and the asociety in general in promting such practiec within it. Even though skin lightenign has been associated with beauty in some communities, skin bleaching is currently raisighn questions on the personality and ethics in different societies. As Bush notes, the demerits of lightening one’s skin colouration far much outweigh the beenfits hence the constant calls to abandon such practices and adopt more sound and uproght determination of beauty in avrious communities aroudn the globe. As oppsoeed to man, women are the most affected when it comes the the crave for beauty and consequently, the need to lightent their skins as a beauty model. Skin lightenign is not

Small Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Small Groups - Essay Example The great thing was that we coped well without her because we already knew what points we needed to make. It was sometimes unexpected when one group member couldn’t make it, but the rest of us knew our roles and we also helped pitched in to make up for the lack of a group member I would say that the reason why our group was so successful was because there were many different cultures, styles, and personalities. There were times when some group members clashed, but the main advantage to working with such a diverse group is that everyone can offer a different opinion. More than that, everyone was open to the other group members expressing their own opinion and they were not shot down for it. This helped to create a sense of trust within the group and it also helped our meetings run smoother because we were able to work quite quickly. There were not too many factors that contributed to the group’s problems, but if I had to name one I would probably say that we were too relaxed at times. It was good that we all got on well as a group, but sometimes this togetherness would lead to going off topic because we had no one to keep us on track. I would not change the fact that we were friendly with each other, but there could have been a leader appointed at the beginning so that there was someone to keep us all in check. The first time I met Trish I thought that she was a time-orientated person. She just had a look on her face that showed determination and focus. My impression of Trish has stayed relatively the same because for our group she was the one to organize everything even though there was not a group leader. For Paul, I did not know him that well but I saw him as someone who could be useful as a conversation starter. He turned out to be the joker of the group because he would lighten the atmosphere at tense moments, but he was also

Differences between essentialism and perennialism

Differences between essentialism and perennialism Perennialists believe that the focus of education should be the ideas that have lasted over centuries. They believe the ideas are as relevant and meaningful today as when they were written. They recommend that students learn from reading and analyzing the works by historys finest thinkers and writers. Essentialists believe that when students study these works and ideas, they will appreciate learning. Similar top perennialism, essentialism aims to develop students intellectual and moral qualities. Perennialist classrooms are also centered on teachers in order to accomplish these goals. The teachers are not concerned about the students interests or experiences. They use tried and true teaching methods and techniques that are believed to be most beneficial to disciplining students minds. The perennialist curriculum is universal and is based on their view that all human beings possess the same essential nature. Perennialists think it is important that individuals think deeply, analytical ly, flexibly, and imaginatively. They emphasize that students should not be taught information that may soon be outdated or found to be incorrect. Perennialists disapprove of teachers requiring students to absorb massive amounts of disconnected information. They recommend that schools spend more time teaching about concepts and explaining they are meaningful to students. Perennial means everlasting, like a perennial flower that comes up year after year. Espousing the notion that some ideas have lasted over centuries and are as relevant today as when they were first conceived, Perennialism urges that these ideas should be the focus of education. According to Perennialists, when students are immersed in the study of those profound and enduring ideas, they will appreciate learning for its own sake and become true intellectuals. For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. A Perennialist views nature, human nature, and the underlying principles of existence as constant. The principles of knowledge are enduring. Truth never changes Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing students growth in enduring disciplines. The loftiest accomplishments of humankind are emphasized- the great works of literature and art, the laws or principles of science. The study of philosophy is thus a crucial part of the Perennialist curriculum. Perennialists regard essentialism, and its view that knowledge stems primarily from the empirical findings of scientists, as undermining the importance of our capacity to reason as individuals; that is, to think deeply, analytically, flexibly, and imaginatively. Perennialists emphasize, though, that students should not be taught information that may soon be obsolete or found to be incorrect because of future scientific and technological findings. Perennialists criticize the vast amount of discrete factual information that educators traditionally have required students to absorb. Perennialists urge schools to spend more time teaching about concepts and explaining how these concepts are meaningful to students. Particularly at the high school and university levels, Perennialists decry undue reliance on textbooks and lectures to communicate ideas. Perennialists suggest that a greater emphasis be placed on teacher-guided seminars, where students and teachers engage in Socratic dialogues, or mutual inquiry sessions, to develop an enhanced understanding of historys most timeless concepts. In addition, Perennialists recommend that students learn directly from reading and analyzing the Great Books. These are the creative works by historys finest thinkers and writers, which Perennialists believe are as profound, beautiful, and meaningful today as when they were written. Perennialists lament the change in universities over the centuries from places where students (and teachers) pursued truth for its own sake to mere glorified training grounds for the students careers. They believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on intellectual and moral standards that schools should teach. The core of the curriculum is essential knowledge and skills and academic rigor. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of society. It should focus on facts-the objective reality out thereand the basics, training students to read, write, speak, and compute clearly and logically. Schools should not try to set or influence policies. A Perennialist asks, What are the essential things a student must know? Within a Perennialist curriculum, activities are tied to the past and not to what is essential right now. The Perennialist values the past but he or she likes the back to basics movement inasmuch as the basics are the learnings of the great minds of the past. Students should be taught hard work, respect for authority, and discipline. Teachers are to help students keep their non-productive instincts in check, such as aggression or mindlessness. For the Perennialist, a great education is a study of the classics. A Perennialist teacher holds fast to a constant curriculum and holds fast to concrete materials that define what he or she will teach (rather than assessing the class and meeting the students needs). A great proponent of Perennialism is Mortimer Adler, Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University. He wrote the Paidea Proposal. His basic tenant is that an individual learns best by studying the classics. The Paideia program seeks to establish a course of study that is general, not specialized; liberal, not vocational; humanistic, not technical. Only in this way can it fulfill the meaning of the words paideia and humanities, which signify the general learning that should be in the possession of every human being. The child should be taught certain basic subjects that will acquaint him/her with the worlds permanencies: English, languages, history, mathematics, natural sciences, the fine arts, and philosophy. The child should learn reading and writing, how to speak and how to listen. He is a social being and lives in a community of men. Thus he must use his reason his powers of rationality to communicate with other men. The three Rs ARE important. Perennialists hold that subject matter should be the center of the curriculum. They feel that greater educational opportunities have lowered standards in the schools. They are particularly critical of the progressives who have placed emphasis on the interests of the child and teaching through activity and freedom. Education should introduce the pupil to the universal concerns of mankind thorough the study of the great works of literature, philosophy, history, and science. Such works represent mans finest insights into his own nature. The insights presented in these works are eternal. They do not change; they are never dated. In this way, s/he learns truths that are more important than any s/he could find by dipping into this or that in the contemporary scene, or by pursing his own interests. Education requires hard work and effort. If the student is interested in the subject, well and good, but if not, s/he still must be required to do the tasks. After all, the student does not know what s/he will need in the future. Motivation is fine, and if the teacher can provide it, well and good, but if not, the student must work at the task regardless. Discipline in the classroom is essential to learning. A noisy classroom is not a desirable place for learning to take place. Order is vital. Students cannot always think of the future. Consequently, teachers and parents must help students overcome their desire for immediate ends and direct them to future objectives. Self-discipline is fine, but most of the times it is insufficient. Adults therefore must give direction. The classroom is teacher-centered. The teacher as a professional is far more likely to know what her students will need to know in the future than do they. S/he is responsible for the education and intellectual growth of his/her students. Education requires the mastery of content, of subject matter. Education requires mental discipline. Study is hard work. Concentration and effort is required. Students must therefore being culturated in the process. Essentialism Educational essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously. An essentialist program normally teaches children progressively, from less complex skills to more complex. An Essentialist will usually teach some set subjects similar to Reading, Writing, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathematics, Science, Art, and Music. The teachers role is to instill respect for authority, perseverance, duty, consideration, and practicality. Essentialism strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines. Essentialists aim to instill students with the essentials of academic knowledge, patriotism, and character development. This traditional approach is meant to train the mind, promote reasoning, and ensure a common culture. Essentialism tries to instill all students with the most essential or basic academic knowledge and skills and character development. Essentialists believe that teachers should try to embed traditional moral values and virtues such as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens. The foundation of essentialist curriculum is based on traditional disciplines such as math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature. Essentialists frown upon vocational courses. In the essentialist system, students are required to master a set body of information and basic techniques for their grade level before they are promoted to the next higher grade. The content gradually moves towards more complex skills and detailed knowledge. Essentialists argue that classrooms should be teacher-oriented. The teacher should serve as an intellectual and moral role model for the students. The teachers or administrators decide what is most important for the students to learn with little regard to the student interests. The teachers also focus on achievement test scores as a means of evaluating progress. The essentialist classroom is centered on students being taught about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have shaped American society. Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will not only possess basic knowledge and skills, but they will also have disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying lessons learned in school in the real world. Essentialism is different from what Dewey would like to see in the schools. Students in this system would sit in rows and be taught in masses. The students would learn passively by sitting in their desks and listening to the teacher. An example of essentialism would be lecture based introduction classes taught at universities. Students sit and take notes in a classroom which holds over one h undred students. They take introductory level courses in order to introduce them to the content. After they have completed this course, they will take the next level course and apply what they have learned previously. English 101 and English 102 are a specific example of essentialism.

D-day :: essays research papers fc

D-day One of the most important days during World War II was D-day, it became a â€Å"day† so important it changed a continent. Don't be mistaken by the word D-day it did not all happens in just one day but many days. D-day was just a code name for the day that Operation Overload started. D-day is very well known for the beginning of the end of the war in Europe and Hitler's rule over most of the ruined continent of Europe. Many say that if it were not for D-day Europe would have definitely fell to Hitler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a few terms used when people talk about D-day. One of them is D-day, which is a military term used telling the unknown date in the future when an attack will be launched. It is most commonly used for the invasion of Normandy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second term not often herd but, still is used is H-hour. H-hour is the hour that D-day is supposed to start. H-hour for the three Normandy invasion sites were varied, because of weather, as much as eighty-five minutes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third term used is Overload. Which was the code name for the entire Allied plot to invade and free France and Western Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fourth term used when talking about D-day is Neptune. Neptune stood for the first phase of Operation Overload. Which was the planning of the Normandy assault, the movement of the armada across the English Channel, and the battle for the beaches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fifth term sometimes used when talking about D-day is The Atlantic Wall. The Atlantis Wall was the German’s first line of defense in the west, which was along the English Channel coast of France. The wall was only partly completed by June of 1944. It had many guns placed on it, beach obstacles, and mine fields. The part of the wall directly across from England and manned by Field Marshal Rammel's seventeenth and eighteenth armies containing thirty-seven divisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another word people use when they talk about D-day is landing craft. There are six different types of landing craft used on D-day. The first type is LCVP, which stands for Landing Craft Vechile and Personal; it took thirty-two men ashore. The second type is LCA, which stands for Landing Craft Assault; it was and armored wooden craft, which delivered troops. The third type is LCI, which stands for Landing Craft Infantry; it carried one hundred fifty-eight small landing craft, which individually delivered two hundred troops.

Religion, Rituals, and Health

Chapter 4 Religion, Rituals, and Health Overview of Chapter Topics †¢ Introduction: Religion, spirituality, and ritual †¢ Religion in the U. S. †¢ Religion and health behaviors – Effect of religion on health-related behaviors – Religion and health outcomes – Religion and medical decisions †¢ Rituals in relation to health practices †¢ Case Study: Cystic fibrosis in a Hasidic Jewish patient Religion, Spirituality, and Ritual †¢ There is considerable overlap between religion and spirituality. Religion: a belief in and respect for a supernatural power or powers, which is regarded as creator and governor of the universe, and a personal or institutionalized system grounded in such a belief or worship †¢ Spirituality: the life force within each of us, and it refers to an individual’s attempt to find meaning and purpose in life Religion, Spirituality, and Ritual †¢ Religion is more associated with behaviors that can be quant ified than the more inchoate term, spirituality. †¢ Religion can be categorized by denomination, so there is more agreement about the meaning of the term, and it can be more easily quantified (i. . , place of worship) †¢ Similar overlap exists between religion and ritual. – Religion may include established rituals, but not all rituals are associated with a specific religion. – Consequently, this chapter examines the relationship between ritual and health separately from the relationship between religion and health. Religion in the U. S. †¢ In 1999, 95% of population in U. S. reported a belief in God or higher power. †¢ In a 2005 study, 57% of those queried stated that religion is very important in their lives, while some 28% stated that it is fairly important. Since 1992, studies have found consistent rates of attendance at religious places of worship. †¢ Religion and ethnicity may be loosely linked, but a person’s religious affiliation should not be assumed based on his/her ethnicity. Religion and Health Behaviors †¢ Lifestyle is single most prominent influence over health today. †¢ People with religious ties have been shown to follow healthier behavioral patterns than the nonreligious related to – Wider networks of social support than does a strictly secular life – Social networks are often key to coping with life stress so improved coping mechanisms – Proscribed behaviors (i. . , no alcohol consumption or premarital sex) Religion and Health Behaviors †¢ Dietary practices with possible effects on health – Prohibition or restriction of consumption of animal products and beverages – Fasting – Prohibition or restriction of use of stimulants and depressants because of addictive properties †¢ Some religions incorporate the use of stimulants or depressants into their ceremonies †¢ Religious practice may correlate with positive health behaviors generally , as well as with reduced rates of depression and higher rates of marital stability Religion and Health Behaviors Religion thought to correlate to positive outcomes with respect to: – – – – – – – – – – – Hypertension Mortality/longevity Depression Suicide Promiscuous sexual behavior Drug and alcohol use Delinquency General feelings of well-being Hope/purpose/meaning in life Self-esteem Educational attainment Religion and Health Outcomes †¢ Religion also can harm health – Sometimes used to justify hatred, aggression, and prejudice – Can be judgmental, alienating, exclusive – Can cause feeling of religious guilt or feeling of failure to meet religious expectations – May restrict health care services because belief that health is in God’s handsReligion and Medical Decisions †¢ Beginning of life decisions – Abortion: Opposed or strictly limited by many religio ns (i. e. , health of the mother is at risk if pregnancy continued; child would be born with a disability that will cause suffering; rape; incest) – Birth control usage: Varying methods approved or strongly opposed by certain religions; some religions permit hormonal methods but not the methods that block or destroy sperm Religion and Medical Decisions †¢ End of life decisions – Religious belief may influence decisions to accept/reject optional treatments to prolong life at the end i. . , respirators, organ transplants, feeding tubes Religion and Medical Decisions †¢ End of life decisions †¢ Organ donation: perspective is changing— some now view it an act of compassion; related to belief in resurrection †¢ Euthanasia: the act or practice of ending life of someone who is suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition by lethal injection or suspension of medical treatment – Opposed when viewed as murder or suicide or that it wi ll damage karma (states that one must show respect for preservation of life) – Some see as an act of compassion and concern for dignityReligion and Medical Decisions †¢ End of life decisions †¢ Use of advance directives for end of life care †¢ Advanced directives are legal documents that enable a person to convey his or her decisions about care ahead of time †¢ Include information about use of life-sustaining equipment, artificial hydration and nutrition (tube feeding), resuscitation, organ donation, comfort care †¢ Concerns related to appointing one person as the decision maker in collectivists cultures, person undergoing needless suffering, and if you discuss it, it will happenRitual in Relation to Health Practices †¢ Ritual: a set of actions that usually are very structured and have symbolic meaning or value †¢ May be performed on certain occasions, at regular intervals, or at discretion of individuals or communities; held in private or p ublic †¢ Tied to numerous activities and events i. e. , births, deaths, holidays, club meetings, etc. †¢ Many rituals in health care settings i. . , being on time for appointments, how people are addressed, where patient’s sit Ritual in Relation to Health Practices †¢ Objects as rituals (i. e. , amulets, bracelets, statues, crosses) †¢ Importance of shrines in ritual activities (many are for health and healing) †¢ Rituals involving animal sacrifice (done to build and maintain personal relationship with a spirit) †¢ Birth rituals (i. e. food restrictions, silent birth, how placenta is discarded) †¢ Death rituals (how and when the body is disposed of, prayer, dress, use of flowers) Summary †¢ Religion and spirituality play a major role in people’s lives and in their health decisions and behaviors. †¢ It has been shown to improve health, but also can contribute to health problems †¢ Impacts medical decisions †¢ Many r ituals are related to health and some are tied to specific religions .

Marbury v. Madison Essays - 6th United States Congress, Free Essays

Marbury v. Madison Essays - 6th United States Congress, Free Essays Marbury v. Madison Constitutional Law Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison, one of the first Supreme Court cases asserting the power of judicial review, is an effective argument for this power; however, it lacks direct textual basis for the decision. Marshall managed to get away with this deficiency because of the silence on many issues and the vague wording of the Constitution. During the early testing period when few precedents existed, there was much debate about fundamental issues concerning what was intended by the words of the Constitution and which part of government should have the final word in defining the meaning of these words. Marshall used the Marbury case to establish the Supreme Court's place as the final judge. Marshall identified three major questions that needed to be answered before the Court could rule on the Marbury v. Madison case. The first of these was, "Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands?" The Constitution allows that "the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, . . . " (Art. II, 2). The Judiciary Act of 1793 had given the President the right to appoint federal judges and justices of the peace; there is no dispute that such an appointment was within the scope of the president's powers. Debate arises because the Constitution is silent on the exact time at which the appointment is considered complete. The Supreme Court ruled that "when a commission has been signed by the president, the appointment is made; and that the commission is complete, when the seal of the United States has been affixed to it by the [secretary of state]." This ruling does not have direct constitutional support, but it is not an unreasonable decision. The second question which Marshall addressed was, "If [Marbury] has a right, and that right has been violated, do the laws of this country afford him a remedy?" The answer is logically yes although there are no specific words in the Constitution to support such an answer. Based on the type of government intended by the Constitution, the government is expected to protect individual liberty. As Marshall says, "[The government] will certainly cease to deserve [to be termed a government of laws, and not of men] if the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested right." However, with this assertion Marshall established the power of the Supreme Court to review actions of the executive branch - a power that does not stem directly from the Constitution. The third and final question which Marshall addressed was whether Marbury "is entitled to the remedy for which he applies." Marshall further divides this question into two parts: the nature of the writ and the power of the Supreme Court. In examining the nature of the writ, Marshall solidifies further the Supreme Court authority over members of the executive branch. Marshall admits that "the officer to whom [the writ] is to be directed, must be one to whom, on legal principles, such writ may be directed . . . " and that the Supreme Court cannot "enquire how the executive, or executive officers, perform duties in which they have discretion." Yet Marshall insists that the Supreme Court can issue a mandamus "[where the head of a department] is directed by law to do a certain act affecting the absolute rights of individuals." This assertion does not have Constitutional basis. The Constitution does not expressly grant the Supreme Court power over either of the other branches of government. Finally Marshall gets to the question based on which he decides the case - the Supreme Court's jurisdiction over this case. For the first time in this case, Marshall uses direct constitutional basis to make his ruling. He argues that, "If it had been intended to leave it in the discretion of the legislature to apportion the judicial power between the supreme and inferior courts according to the will of that body, it would certainly have been useless to have proceeded further than to have defined the judicial power . . . The plain import of the words seems to be, that in one class of cases its jurisdiction is original and not appellate; in the other it is appellate, and not original." He bases this ruling on Art. III 2, which enumerates the cases in which the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. Marshall further maintains that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. In this contention as well Marshall has constitutional basis in Art. VI, which states, "This constitution, and

Conflict Essay

Conflict Essay Conflict Essay Conflict Essay: Avoid The Conflict In it In every day life, we deal with conflict, if not with ourselves, then with others. Conflict does not have to mean that it is bad; it is simply stated that we have different viewpoints about certain things. A conflict essay is an essay about the conflict in a movie, book or our daily life. Conflict essays usually have five paragraphs, the introductory paragraph, the three body paragraphs and the closing paragraph. Here are tips on professional essay writing: Conflict Essay: Main Structure The introductory paragraph is used to hook the reader and tell the thesis. The thesis is what you are trying to prove by writing the essay, the main point of the entire essay. This paragraph is very important because if the reader is hooked he will read the essay until the end, but if people are not hooked they will not read your paper and you wrote it all for nothing. All three body paragraphs will begin with a topic sentence and at least three pieces of evidence that will support each sentence. The topic sentence represents the main idea of the essay and supports your thesis statement. The body paragraphs in a conflict essay are usually arranged from the least exciting topic sentence to the most exciting, so the reader has something to look forward to. In your closing paragraph, you must restate your thesis statement. However, not with the same words. You have to make sure that no matter what, but your conclusion do not word to word as the original thesis statement. Summarize the three main points, and leave the reader with some final thoughts. To write a successful conflict essay, choose an event that has happened in your life and left you with vivid memories. With each vivid memory, you can describe, not tell what was going on, who was involved, what the conflict was, what feelings were generated, and how it got resolved. An essay on conflict could be on any topic like war, or family conflict, neighbor conflicts, etc. Choose the type of conflict you are most interested in and give your thoughts freedom to develop this idea. Conflict Essay: Writing Help If you do not have time for making researches on your assignments, or you feel stuck in your essay writing, you are welcome to become our customer and we will provide you with a professional help overnight! It is so easy and convenient! Read more: School English Essay Persuasive Essay Topics Personal Essay Expository Essay Essay Topics Conflict Essay Conflict Essay In every day life we deal with conflict, if not with ourselves, then with others. Conflict doesn't have to mean that it's bad; it's simply states that we have different viewpoints about certain things. Conflict can come about in any situation, but most conflicts occur between couples, and even the people at your work.In relationships, conflicts will arise more than a person may want it to. A cold shoulder here, a silent treatment there, is just some of the things a person will receive during a fight. Confronting a person is difficult, especially for me because I have a difficulty with accepting fault. In a relationship, a person has to learn to give in. Avoiding one another can never help a situation. Couples must learn how to confront one another and determine their problem. Even though there's a problem most couples will say there isn't so they don't have to face the music.English: learnWhile talking with the partner, one shouldn't attack the other person with accusation and learn to listen to one another with open mind and open heart. The couple should also feel free to ask one another why the person felt the way they did and what brought up the situations. Once all is out in the open, the couple should resolve their problem and work out a compromise that would please both sides.A work area is also a place of conflict. One may not like a person's performance and the fact they have to cover them to finish the job. This would cause tension between the two workers because they'll be in each others faces if they don't resolve their problem. When faced with a problem like this, both parties have to listen, because they both may gain valuable insights...

Portfolio essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Portfolio - Essay Example I have learned more than just argumentative writing techniques. In my portfolio, I have included technical writing, expository writing and literary criticism, among other various forms. For instance, I have used expository writing in an article I wrote titled â€Å"what happens in Saudi Arabia every hour?† This can be exhibited by the way that I have given a back story or background information about Saudi Arabia in my introductory paragraph. I have attempted to explore in depth the contrast between the reality in Saudi Arabia and the perceived image that most people might have about Saudi Arabia. Many people round the world are misinformed and deem Saudi Arabia as a bad and an inhabitable place. In my essay, I have expounded in the good and the bad regarding the country. Additionally, I have expounded on the fact that deaths from road accidents in Saudi Arabia have been on the rise by providing statistics from previous years to support my thesis. I used research in this paper to incorporate outside information into my analysis that supports the topic I was dealing with. The assessment made from the research I carried out when writing the essay remains one of my favorite parts of the paper. I have carefully observed reports by Joffe Walts on how most of the accidents in Saudi Arabia mostly claimed the lives youth more than any other group. The statistics showed that road accidents were the number one cause of most death among Saudi Arabian adult males. The females are spared as the society forbids women from driving vehicles. Through the conclusion to the essay that I wrote, I am in a better position now to provoke the thoughts of readers through the use of rhetorical questions regarding statistics of the death toll from road accidents. The reader is compelled into thought when reading through the rhetorical questions employed. This article has made a deliberate attempt to showcases my skills in regard to summarizing, in depth analysis and alignment of

Combating Employee Turnover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Combating Employee Turnover - Essay Example This has been explained in the form of a model in the diagram below: Figure 1: Employee’s Turnover Model Source: (Allen, Bryant & Vardaman 2011) If an organization sees that employees are unhappy with the work environment and there are some factors that may start the cycle of Employee’s Turnover Model, then the organization should try to remove them from the environment. They may develop strategies that will improve the work environment, improve employee’s relationship with others in the organization and try to focus on individual characteristics of workers to make them happy. These strategies will ensure that the employee does not leave the organization. Another idea suggested by Allen et al. study is that the organization should conduct employee’s surveys at regular intervals and should develop evidence-based strategies based on the problems identified in these surveys to make sure that employee’s turnover is reduced and this can be an effective w ay to combat the problem of high turnover in the large corporations and organizations. (Allen, Bryant & Vardaman 2011) Another study done on 76 organizations concludes that employment benefits and effective retirement policies reduce the problem of employee turnover by almost 34%. The study’s rationale was that employee’s benefits and retirement programs are given to employees after their retirement. Since gratuity fund grows exponentially, so employees think that longer they will stay with the organization, the bigger gratuity or pension they will get. Hence, this motivates them not to quit the job. Therefore, organizations with effective employee’s benefits and retirements plan tend to retain workers for longer periods than organizations that do not focus on these programs. Another important finding of the research was that it takes almost $3000 to replace a work in mid-management position. Hence, if these $3000/worker are used in creating effective retirement and pension plans, then an organization is likely to retain its workers for longer periods (Sutton 2001). In a model developed (Darmna 2000), it was found that replacing the employees that are leaving the organization is quite expensive. Hence, organizations could use half the costs that are spent on recruiting new staff to appease or solving the problems of the leaving staff. They can use the same money to increase their wages or to reduce the de-motivation factors from the organization. This would improve the problem of high employee turnover because factors that were perturbing the employees are being removed from the environment and hygienic factors such as increased pay are being given to them. Hence, there is no reason for them to leave the organization. (Darmna 2000) Participative management is another technique to reduce the problem of high turnover. Participative management believes in the autocratic leadership. It is an approach that calls for management by objective. Her e the responsibility is delegated to workers who are then free to decide how they will go about doing their work. This kind of approach has been highly successful in staff retention and large MNCs are making use of this approach. The illustrious lists of organizations that use this approach are Unilever, Proctor and Gamble, Reckitt-Beckniser and Siemens. It was found that these organizations retain employees twice longer than any other company. One reason for this high retention rate is responsibility management and participative

Employment Policies and Practices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Policies and Practices - Assignment Example Once the applicant clears this initial test, the organization goes into the selection process. This selection process, the organization usually comes into the direct contact with the applicants. The organization works on the resume of the applicants, try to get some background information of the applicants, verify their prior qualification, their past experience etc. After this, usually members of human resource (HR) department, takes the interviews of the applicants of the applicants in which they want to look the aptitude of the applicants, their presentation styles, confidence etc. In most of the organizations, interview is the last process, but in some organization e.g. arm forces, there are physical tests conducted to determine the physical and mental abilities and strengths. Once the applicants pass through of these procedures, they are selected as employees in the organization. One important activity that the organization must perform is to check the applicants past record. This task is not only to check the background information of the applicant, but to check other useful information as well, such as the employee's past report in previous organizations, i.e. is to check weather or not, the employee was fired from the any previous organization on the bases of poor performance, dishonesty or fraud etc. The references of the employees are verified. In most of the government organization, a social security check of the employee is conducted to weather the employee has any criminal record against him or not. If the person is has a clean past record, only then he should be selected. Post Employment Checks: Post employment checks are as important as pre employment checks. These checks include the noticeable change in the lifestyles of the employees, their important financial statements such as income statements, drug usage etc. The organization should make sure that the employees are punctual and giving to their best productivity level. The organization should keep an eye on the activities of the employees, on and off the work. Acquiring help from third party can be useful in these situations and these checks must be perform from time to time. Post employment check is one of the most important part of organization's risk management. If any employee found guilty in any of these checks, the organization must deal the matter seriously and treat the employee according to degree of activity. Monitoring of Employees: Monitoring of subordinates or employees is considered to be as sensitive issue. Monitoring of employees involves ethnicity. It is the right of the managers to supervise their subordinates, but on the other hand, most of the employees complain that they are monitored secretly. There are several ways of monitoring. On of the most common monitoring method is seeing the actions of your employees through surveillance cameras. But this monitoring need constant viewing and is mostly used

How P&G Brought the Diaper Revolution to China Essay Example for Free

How PG Brought the Diaper Revolution to China Essay When Procter Gamble set out to sell Pampers in China more than a decade ago, it faced a daunting marketing challenge: PG didn’t just have to persuade parents that its diapers were the best. It had to persuade many of them that they needed diapers at all. The disposable diaper — a throwaway commodity in the West — just wasn’t part of the cultural norm in the Chinese nursery. Babies wore cloth diapers, or in many cases, no diaper at all. And that, says Bruce Brown, who’s in charge of PG’s $2 billion RD budget, is why China presented — and still presents — such a huge opportunity. Today, after years of exhaustive research and plenty of missteps, Pampers is the No. 1-selling diaper in China and the company, in many ways, is just getting started there. The diaper market in China is booming. It stands at $1. 4 billion — roughly a quarter the size of the U. S. market — and is projected to grow 40 percent over the next few years, according to research firm Datamonitor. PG’s success in China has helped CEO Bob McDonald set some bold goals. Last October, he laid out a plan to add one billion customers over the next five years by promoting PG brands throughout some of the poorest corners of the world. How will PG go about doing that? To get a sense, just look at the way it cracked — and to a large degree created — the market for disposable diapers in China. Learning From Failure When PG first launched Pampers in China in 1998, the effort flopped. Instead of developing a unique product for the market, PG made a lower-quality version of U. S. and European diapers, wrongly assuming that parents would buy them if they were cheap enough. â€Å"It just didn’t work,† Brown says. Chinese split-pants, or kaidangku. Photo by The Wus Photo Land on Flickr It didn’t help that Chinese families had always gotten along just fine without disposable diapers. There, potty training often begins as early as six months, and children wear what’s called kaidangku — colorful open-crotch pants that let them squat and relieve themselves in open areas. Pampers’ pitch wasn’t compelling people to try something new — and neither was the product itself. â€Å"We scrimped on the softness in the earlier versions,† says Kelly Anchrum, director of global baby care, external relations, and sustainability. â€Å"It had a more plasticky feel. It took us awhile to figure out that softness was just as important to moms in a developing market. † PG had tried a similarly watered-down approach earlier in the decade, when it launched laundry and hair-care brands in several emerging markets. Those products also failed, Brown says. After these experiences, the company in 2001 came up with a new approach to product development: â€Å"Delight, don’t dilute. † In other words, the diaper needed to be cheap, but it also had to do what other cheap diapers didn’t — keep a baby dry for 10 hours and be as comfortable as cloth. So PG added softness, dialed down the plastic feel, and increased the absorption capability of the diaper. To bring down the cost, the company developed more efficient technology platforms and moved manufacturing operations to China to eliminate shipping costs. The revamped diaper, Pampers Cloth Like Dry, hit retail shelves in China’s largest cities in 2006, selling for the equivalent of 10 cents in local currency, less than half the cost of a Pampers diaper in the United States. The Universal Pitch PG had the right diaper and the right price point. Now it faced the bigger challenge. â€Å"You have to convince someone that they need this thing,† says Ali Dibadj, an analyst who covers PG at Sanford C. Bernstein Co. For Frances Roberts, global brand franchise leader for Pampers, every trip to China was (and still is) an opportunity to learn more about Chinese nursery habits. It’s part of the PG ethos that brand leaders visit consumers in their own homes — something Roberts has done in dozens of countries, including Germany, Russia, and Jakarta. The goal is to uncover the nuances of each market, and early on in its diaper research PG discovered a universal need. â€Å"Moms say the same things over and over,† Roberts says. Their cry: We want more sleep. With the help of the Beijing Children’s Hospital’s Sleep Research Center, PG researchers conducted two exhaustive studies between 2005 and 2006, involving 6,800 home visits, and more than 1,000 babies throughout eight cities in China. Instead of cloth, the research subjects were tucked into bed with Pampers. The results: PG reported that the babies who wore the disposables fell asleep 30 percent faster and slept an extra 30 minutes every night. The study even linked the extra sleep to improved cognitive development, a compelling point in a society obsessed with academic achievement. PG then put its marketing machine into motion. Pampers launched the â€Å"Golden Sleep† campaign in 2007, which included mass carnivals and in-store campaigns in China’s biggest urban areas. A viral campaign on the Pampers Chinese web site asked parents to upload photos of their sleeping babies to drive home the study’s sleep message. The response was impressive: 200,000 photos, which PG used to create a 660-square-meter photomontage at a retail store in Shanghai. The ad campaign boasted â€Å"scientific† results, such as â€Å"Baby Sleeps with 50% Less Disruption† and â€Å"Baby Falls Asleep 30% Faster. No diaper brand, not even rival Kimberly-Clark, maker of Huggies, has come close to spending as much on advertising in China, according to CTR Market Research, the China-based division of American media researcher TNS Media Intelligence. Since 2006, Pampers’ measured media spend topped 3. 2 billion yuan, or about $476 million — more than three times as much as any other brand. In 2009 alone, PG spent $69 million, compared to Kimberly-Clark’s $12 million spend for Huggies. Ruling the Nursery — in China and Around the World Today, Pampers is the top-selling brand in China, a country where about a decade ago the disposable diaper category hardly existed. PG does not release sales figures for specific countries, but Datamonitor estimates that the company has captured more than 30 percent of the $1. 4 billion market. Karl Gerth, an Oxford professor who researches the spread of consumerism in China, says PG’s marketing campaigns strike the right tone. â€Å"You don’t want to come off as paternalistic,† says Gerth, who wrote the book â€Å"China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation. â€Å"The idea that Pampers brings a scientific backing and gives children an edge in their environment — that’s a brilliant way to stand out from the competition. † You could argue that it’s easy being No. 1 when the market is still small. But PG still has a lot of work to do. The company faces challenges from private-label and domestic brands, including the No. 2 market leader, Hengan International Group, which has steadily grown its market share to 20 percent. Local brands, meantime, are catching up with better products, marketing, and distribution. Chinese consumers are going to want to root for the home team,† Gerth says. And there’s still the challenge of making disposables a habit. On average, diaper use still amounts to less than one a day. â€Å"We’ve only just begun to scratch the surface [in China],† Dimitri Panayotopoulos, vice chairman of global household care, told investors in a 2008 analyst meeting. There’s even bigger potential in India, where the birth rate is almost double that of China but the diaper market remains tiny at about $43. 4 million. (Pampers is the top-selling brand there, too. So now, PG plans to take the sleep argument throughout rural and poor areas in India and elsewhere. The company also makes its case by positioning itself as a baby-care educator. Pampers sponsors healthcare-outreach programs such as a rural immunization program in China and mobile medical-care vans in Pakistan and Morocco. In India, there’s a door-to-door program that offers baby-care tips and diaper samples for moms. Of course, PG tweaks the sales pitch to fit different markets; that’s what the company is known for. In India, for instance, the convenience of disposable diapers doesn’t resonate with parents. The company’s consumer research found that many Indian mothers think that only lazy moms put their babies in disposable diapers that last a full night. As Pampers brand manager Vidya Ramachandran reported in an internal video shown to employees, â€Å"We really had to change that mindset and educate [mothers] that using a diaper is not about convenience for you — it’s about your baby’s development. †

Comparison of unusual administration methods of morphine

Comparison of unusual administration methods of morphine Morphine is a widely used analgesic. Its clinical use and the high dependency factor (morphine and heroin have proven to be the most addictive opiates) brought up the need to investigate the classic routes of administration (oral, rectal, iv, sc) and compare them with some not so well established routes (nebulised, intrathecal, transdermal, sublingual etc). Introduction Morphine is a strong opioid derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum1. It is used for the management of moderate and severe pain. It acts directly to central nervous system exhibiting a quick time of action. Along with pain relief, it causes the sense of well being (euphoria). It can also produce a series of other central and peripheral effects such as sedation, cough suppression, nausea, constipation and might cause histamine release2. It is used during surgeries for anaesthesia and as a pain reliever after the operation. It is a drug of choice for terminal care and it is really useful for pain management in cancer patients3. Morphine is available at several formulations and different drug administration routes. The selection of the appropriate administration route is dependent on the extent of pain control required. For instance, parenteral morphine is used for acute severe pain, while oral morphine is used for the treatment of temporary pain. The location of the pain will also determine if it is necessary to apply topical preparations or not. Table 1 Pharmacokinetic Properties of three opioid analgesics Pharmacokinetic Parameters Half life Volume of Distribution Clearance Morphine (iv) 2-3 hours   3-5 litre/kg 15 -20ml/min/kg Fentanyl (iv) 3.5-3.8 hours 5-6 litre/kg 21-29ml/min/kg Diamorphine(iv) 2-3 minutes 25litre/kg Use morphine values Source: Clarkes analysis of drugs and poisons4 Moreover, pharmacokinetic parameters such as bioavailability, half life and clearance and other characteristics of the drug (table 1) like side effects, ADRs and interactions must be taken into account before choosing the appropriate drug route. Patients preference (or fear) for a specific drug route and other psychosocial factors might also affect the choice of the formulation and patients compliance and finally medicines effectiveness. Discussion Oral route Regarding oral route, morphine comes as a solution and as immediate or controlled (systained) release tablets and capsules(fig 2). Fig 2. Oral formulations of morphine Oral Suspension Morphine solutions come in different strengths. Oral solutions can be prescribed by writing the formula Morphine HCl 5mg and Chloroform water to 5ml but the proportion can be altered. Morphine Sulphate solutions (Oramorph) are available at 10mg/5ml and as concentrated solutions of 100mg/5ml3. Other excipients include: ethanol (96%- morphine is slightly soluble in ethanol), corn syrup, sucrose, methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218), propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216) and purified water. Due to the high content of alcohol this drug is not recommended to alcohol misusers. Normal adult dose is 10-20mg every four hours although when prescribed in palliative care dosage varies higher or lower according to the severity of the pain and kidney function respectively3. As this formulation is not readily absorbed from GI tract, in order to produce same effects as iv dose a 50%-100% increase in dose must be considered. Overdose risk is high and can cause hypotension, respiratory depression and in some cases death. Naloxone which is an opiate antagonist is the first line treatment in case of overdosing5. Tablets and Capsules Solid dosage forms contain morphine in form of salt e.g Morphine Sulphate and Morphine hydrochlorate. Theses salts in the body will be available as morphine bases. Tablets are available in two preparations immediate release and modified release. The short acting tablets come in 10mg, 20mg and 50mg3. They are given every 2-4 hours to control and stabilise breakthrough pain. These tablets are a way of determining the amount of morphine needed to manage pain. Once the quantity of morphine is established the patient can take slow-release tablets and capsules. These formulations contain enough morphine to control pain for 12 or 24 hours. The starting dose varies and from 10-20mg every 12hours if the patient has not taken any other painkiller previously, to 20-30 mg every 12 hours in cases of replacement weak analgesics3. Note only the dose can increase whereas the frequency must remain the same i.e. every 12 hours. It can take up to 48 hours for the morphine to reach the required plasma levels meaning that it is important to be taken regularly otherwise they lose their effectiveness5. If the patience experience pain between doses an additional dose must be given and the GP should decide if it is necessary to increase the daily dose. Oral morphine is a well established drug delivery method however; problems such as the first pass metabolism, the slow onset and the risk of overdose have raised questions on whether other novel administration routes can be used. Intravenous This route is used only in hospitals and in managing emergency pain symptoms. The bolus administration provides almost instant onset with a short effect. Iv morphine is used when sc route is not tolerated. A popular application of this method is in Patient Controlled analgesia (PCA) where the opioid is delivered using a Hospiral infusion device. The patient can control the morphine intake and establish an acceptable level of analgesia6. Morphine is available in 50 and 100ml vials with strength 1mg/ml3. It is used post operatively especially after transplants surgeries and in the management of chronic pain of malignancy. Although this method is useful for the management of severe pain there are many drawbacks. First of all, most of the pumps are bulky and invasive. Their installation is complicated as they require mains attachment and the patient has limited mobility .There is a high risk of overdose therefore supervision is needed. Side effects such as hypotension and respiratory dep ression might develop while convulsions due to high dosage are likely to occur. fig3. PCA infusion device vs syringe driver Subcutaneous Subcutaneous method is an excellent alternative to oral administration method. It is safe and effective method which is widely used both in palliative care and severe pain management. It is used for patients that present conditions such as gastrointestinal disturbances including indigestion, palindromic motility and obstruction5. A prime characteristic of the sc method is the syringe driver. The driver employs simple syringes and bears a flow rate setting option usually ml/hr which enables accurate dosing over a specific period of time. Unlike PCA infusion devices, it is battery powered, so patients mobility is not an issue (fig 3). The risk of overdose is lower compared to iv route as there is a constant stable administration schedule6. There is no need for continuous strict supervision as the driver is easy to use. Often, the subcutaneous route can cause some skin site problems. Irritation might appear especially when there are high concentrations of morphine or when it is combined with other drugs which are not fully compatible3. This problem can be treated either by diluting the dose or by choosing alternative more compatible drugs. Also some patients might experience needle allergic reactions and action must be taken e.g introduce an alternative Teflon cannula. Patients might feel discomfort, especially those who lack of subcutaneous tissue16. Sometimes, possible leakage of subcutaneous site might be observed. Finally, the sc method is not recommended for palliative care patients with acute vascular conditions. Rectal This drug administration route is quite popular and is used for short term management of acute pain. Also in terminal cancer patients modified release morphine sulphate is administered via this route6. Although the absorption rate varies for each individual, it is estimated that around 300-330 mg of morphine are absorbed rectally every four hours, indicating a sufficient analgesic effect. Studies have shown that for the patients who have never taken morphine, rectal morphine is more effective than the oral administered one5. Rectal morphine is available in the form of suppositories at different strengths (10, 15, 20 and 30 mg) 3. Prescribers must specify both the strength and the morphine salt (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulphate) that suppositories should contain. Evidence shows two deaths15 after consequent doses of rectal morphine should raise awareness and the need of monitoring the dosing regimen and frequency. Rectal route is not avoiding completely the first pass metabolism; therefore the bioavailability might be influenced. Non conventional routes Apart from the conventional drug routes mentioned before, it is necessary to look into other not so popular ones such as the transmucosal, transdermal, sublingual, intrathecal and nebulised routes of administration and try to compare them. Transdermal- Transmucosal Transdermal route is a relatively painless method. The drug absorption is rapidly. Patches are easy to use and not quite expensive. Although this method is usually tolerated from the patients skin irritation and rashes might appear. Transdermal morphine is not popular as there are questions about the efficacy of this method. However, fentanyl another opioid is the drug of choice. More specifically, fentanyl patches are more effective in managing chronic pain compared to modified release oral morphine9. Also, transdermal fentanyl causes reduced constipation and drowsiness14. Another administration route which fentanyl is again preferred than morphine is the transmucosal route by a buccal tablet. The main reason is that fentanyl is a lipophilic drug while morphine has a limited lipid solubility. More specifically, when fentanyl is placed in saliva it is 80% non-ionized  and it usually takes 20-30 minutes for the analgesic effect to reach its peak14. Note transmucosal morphine is also available but the bioavailability is low and analgesic effect is not significant. Sublingual route This route utilises soluble immediate release tablets and it is recommended to patients that have swallowing difficulties. Morphine enters into bloodstream via sublingual mucosa. Investigations have shown that the absorption of morphine is the same (and in a few cases faster) compared with the oral route7. Same studies have shown that there is no significant difference in the extent and duration of analgesic effect when is compared with oral administered morphine3. Nebulised morphine Nebulised morphine utilises the airways to deliver the drug into pulmonary circulation. It can be used for COPD patients in the management of acute thoracic pain11. Through this route, the effect of hepatic metabolism is avoided and a rapid absorption is noted. However, the plasma drug levels are unpredictable indicating the necessity of further clinical investigations. Studies showed that inhaled morphine was as effective as intravenous PCA morphine without causing strong sedating symptoms8. Although nebulised morphine is well accepted, patients who are not used to opioids might experience nausea and vomiting and in rare cases respiratory depression. Other common side effects include constipation and histamine induced broncho-constriction. Another drawback of nebulised morphine is the high cost of the equipment (nebuliser, injectable vials, etc). It is not a simple method and some patients might find it difficult to use the nebuliser. Studies show a wide range of bioavailability in subjects; relating the bioavailability of the drug with the patients ability to use the nebuliser in the right way10. Epidural/intrathecal Both epidural and intrathecal routes are used mostly in the hospital clinical environment. The bioavailability is high so spinal administered morphine can provide extended analgesic effect at lower doses (compared to the conventional drug routes)12. Although epidural and intrathecal morphine can relieve both acute and chronic pain; studies suggest that these routes should be used only for pain which cannot be controlled by the classic established methods13. For instance, these routes are effective in managing lower body pain. Note that only 1% of the daily iv dose must be used intrathecally and only 10% epidurally5. An implanted infusion pump may be used to deliver intrathecal morphine at a continuous rate. A disadvantage of these methods is the high risk of infection and overdose as the staff must be trained and careful when dosing for breakthrough pains. Studies have reported a number of patients experiencing side effects such as sedation, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting after spinal administration12. Spinal morphine is not usually preferred while diamorphine is the drug of choice due to its high solubility manner. Conclusion As it was mentioned before, morphine can be administered via different routes. However, it is vital each time to consider the risk- benefit ratio for each method and choose the most effective and safe one. Moreover, before establishing unconventional methods such as nebulised and spinal morphine it is important to further investigate their suitability and ways to improve the drug delivery and minimise side effects. Finally, if it is necessary to choose other opiates (such as fentanyl and diamorphine), which might be more efficient than morphine.

Politics, Power, and Purpose in Shakespeares Measure for Measure Essay

Politics, Power, and Purpose in Shakespeare's Measure for Measure In Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, Vincentio, Duke of Vienna, observing that his Dukedom has fallen into licentiousness and chaos through his neglectful government, has pretended to leave Vienna and has turned over the government to Angelo, his upright and up-tight Deputy; and that the Duke has resolved to remain in Vienna, in disguise, so that he may observe how Angelo's character is revealed or transformed in the crucible of the power with which he has been invested. The Duke tells Friar Thomas, who is party to the plot: Lord Angelo is precise, Stands at a guard with envy, scarce confesses That his blood flows, or that his appetite Is more to bread than stone. Hence shall we see If power change purpose, what our seemers be. (1.3.5-54) My subject is how "power" changes--or at least influences--"purpose." But the "purpose" in question is not, as in the play, the government of a city or of a state, nor even (as in the case of Angelo) the government of one's psychological and physical appetites, but the creation of a work of art, of a theatrical performance. Talking about Angelo, the Duke poses his assertion as a conditional: he wishes to test "if power change purpose." My hypothesis is that, in the theatre, power does indeed change purpose. I base this hypothesis upon several premises: that the theatre, as a complex collaborative art form, depends upon the coordination of the talents and temperaments of a wide range of individuals; that, in the theatre, these individuals must be organized into a process which inescapably involves the establishment and articulation of power; that theatrical artists are, by their very nature, sensitive, e... ...ulates the other characters and, like a playwright, creates scenarios for them to play; etc., etc. I am, I believe, arguing something else altogether. The play is not alluding to its mode of performance to tell its story. The play and the performance are simply telling the same story: a story about the same power relationships that informed the process by which the performance was created. It's not that life is like the theatre. It's that the play and the performance and the theatre in general are built upon the raw materials of life: upon wayward human beings struggling to work together to live with one another in the world. The story that any production of Measure for Measure tells is that power, in the theatre as in life, changes purpose. Just as the Duke tests Angelo, when we go to the theatre, we go to see, "If power change purpose, what our seemers be."

Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay

What is National Philosophy of Education. National Philosophy of Education stands for Education in Malaysia is an on-going attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. The NPE has been build by Ministry of Education since the twelvemonth of 1988. The experts of instruction had tried their best to set in all the NPE into their course of study taught in every topic in school. 1.1- Elementss in National Philosophy of Education ( NPE ) There are besides elements in the execution of NPE. First and first, component in NPE is instruction as an on-going attempt. Education is the procedure of reassigning and geting of cognition, accomplishments and baronial values. Education normally implemented for kids since they at an early age which is 1 to 6 old ages old. Then, it will be continued by the school to heighten cognition, accomplishments and character. For case, if a pupil merely finished his SPM scrutiny, he will seek for an excess category such as computing machine category. The new cognition that he receives will help him to accommodate to many types of alterations. Following, development of person ‘s potency besides one of the elements in the NPE. As we know, everyone is born with concealed endowment and abilities but they do non recognize it on their ain. However, the concealed endowment and abilities can be detected through societal interaction. For illustration, if a pupil discourse his work with a spouse to do an essay, he likely can indicate out superb thought that can give high Markss to the essay. Other than that, the component in NPE is belief and devotedness to God. Every individual must acknowledge the being of God and belief in Him as the Godhead of the existence. In fact, everyone besides has to bring forth good workss and actions. For case, Muslim people believe in ‘syurga ‘ which is the topographic point to remain afterlife. In order to come in the ‘syurga ‘ , they have to do good things and workss while they are alive. 1.2- Factors of National Philosophy of Education Other than component, NPE besides has it ‘s ain ground why it is implemented in the instruction system. First and first, the factor that determines NPE is spiritual factor. This factor can be seen through citation â€Å" Produce persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a steadfast belief and devotedness to God † . As we know, Malaysia is a multiracial and multi faith state but Islam has to be the official faith. However, other faith such as Christian, Buddhist and Hindu is free to encompass. Another factor that determines NPE is the societal factor which can be seen through citation â€Å" to bring forth Malayan citizen that are capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society † . Malaysia is a peaceable state which have a assortment of races live here. Cooperation and tolerance from assorted citizens are really of import in order to populate in harmoniousness and prosperity in Malaysia. Therefore, through the right pattern, we are able to make the stableness of society. Last, economic factor besides is one of the grounds in finding NPE. Malaysians presents are trained with particular accomplishment in many sorts of field to upgrading their productiveness. Such an purpose can be accomplished with the production of persons who are knowing and competent, responsible and capable to lend towards the improvement of the state, household and society. The mark of Malaysia to be economically strong state becomes the major factor in the national instruction on the NPE. 2.0- National Curriculum In add-on, national course of study besides altering to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. National course of study is â€Å" An educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition † . 2.1- KLSR, KBSR, KSSR Education in Malaysia started before the Malaysia addition independency in 1957. Informal instruction normally takes topographic point as a medium for Malay people get cognition because deficiency of instructors to learn them. In order to better the instruction in Malaysia, instruction act and several systems of instruction has been built by the authorities to bring forth knowing citizens. Education in Malaysia was started from Education Act in the twelvemonth of 1961. Harmonizing to Shidota ( 2010 ) , â€Å" The instruction act is the forming from the Rahman Talib Report 1960 † . Sekolah Kebangsaan is unfastened for every race while Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan is merely provided for Indian and Chinese people. Then, Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) was built as a system of instruction in Malaysia. Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) implemented since the state gained independency. In 1960, a Subjects Review Committee has been established to be known as the Rahm an Talib Report. The Rahman Talib Report has suggested some facets of instruction. The Rahman Talib study is so tabled in Parliament and passed which was so implemented in the Education Act 1961. Harmonizing to Rahman Talib Report, all pupils must go through in Bahasa Melayu public scrutiny, in which the written scrutiny documents. By utilizing the Malay linguistic communication, it aims to further integrity among the assorted cultural groups. In KLSR, the instruction is old-oriented and emphasis on memorising acquisition. In add-on, organisation in category is arranged utilizing the traditional schoolroom agreement. Traditional schoolroom is a topographic point for a group of pupils ‘ lessons delivered by instructors utilizing the old-oriented instruction. In traditional schoolroom, the pupils are really inactive and receive anything teacher Teach. In 1982, New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) was implemented as a new instruction system that replaced KLSR. KBSR execution follows the alterations made by the Report of the Cabinet Committee on Implementation of Education Policy issued in 1979. KBSR is aimed to finish all scholars with basic accomplishments and cognition of the topics. In KBSR, co-curriculum activity and Primary School Assessment Test ( UPSR ) are mandatory. In 1993, New Primary School Curriculum changed to the name of the new Integrated Primary School Curriculum. However, merely the name alterations have occurred. The course of study content is still the same as before. KBSR program besides emphasizes the command of basic accomplishments 3M of reading, composing and arithmetic. In 2010, Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) replaced Integrated Primary School Curriculum as a new system of instruction in Malaysia. KSSR divides subject into 3 faculties which are Core Basic Module, Basic Module Themes and Elective Basic Module. For degree 1 which is twelvemonth 1-2, learning focal points on authorship, reading, numbering and menakul ( 4M ) . While, for degree 2 which are twelvemonth 3-6, learning emphasis on the application of 4M. One of the aims of KSSR is to make advanced persons. Until now, KSSR is still ongoing as the system of instruction in Malaysia. It is more towards practical and less nerve-racking for instructors and pupils. 3.0- Schemes For The Realization Of NPE 3.1- School ‘s function: The school should play a large function to accomplish the National Philosophy of Education ‘s aims. First, the most of import facet is the facet of school socialization. Some call the school clime. School civilization must include the five elements found in the National Education Philosophy which is religious, rational, emotional, physical and societal. The religious component is by understanding the importance of faith without faith against another. An illustration is to make a school civilization that patterns reading the Quran every forenoon and obligatory supplications in fold. All pupils besides must cover themselves. It will edify pupils of its duties in maintaining faith and ego regard. Indirectly will bring forth students with competent, honest, responsible and capable of accomplishing wellbeing. From a physical component besides is to supply school installations that are comfy, warm and contributing environment that promotes learning and larning. It will excite pupils ‘ involvement in prosecuting cognition. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education which is to bring forth pupils who flourish in harmoniousness and complete in footings of religious, physical, emotional, rational and societal Further, in the rational component, schools must promote socialization cognition among pupils and instructors. The school can form academic plans such as NILAM plan. It will advance a civilization of reading among pupils. Spirit kids to read is besides increasing with the award as NILAM award. Through reading, pupils ‘ heads are more developed and students are able to believe creatively and critically. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing. 3.2- Teachers ‘ function: Other than school, instructors besides should play their function to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupils. First and first, instructors as pedagogues should hold even more committed to the execution of activities to accomplish the aspirations contained in NPE. Next, teach the pupil with the handiness of new cognition that instructors have prepared to implement new instruction and larning schemes in order to make a harmonious and balanced human intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically. 3.3- Student ‘s function: The aim of NPE can besides be developed by the attempt from pupils. In every acquisition session, pupils should demo active acquisition and engagement. They besides can develop independency, self-discipline and work out jobs. Besides, pupils may get down using critical thought accomplishments and do an action. Critical thought is really of import in Mathematicss capable. Therefore, pupils have to develop it on their ain to do a improvement believing in their action. 4.0- School Activity This NPE has been used in every school in Malaysia to develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. Normally, the school will transport out activities to win the aims of NPE. In order to acquire more specific about activities that had been done with school and instructors, I had interviewed a Headmaster, Senior Assistant and a school instructor at Sekolah Kebangsaan Bukit Jana. After I interview all of them, I had found that many interesting activities that has been organized by the school and instructor. Before making any activities in school, the schoolmaster makes a commission which is organized earlier before school starts and led by her. Each commission has 4 director which are schoolmaster, pupil personal businesss helper, administrative helper and course of study helper. 4.1- Sport ‘s Day The first activity held in the school is Sport ‘s Day. Sport ‘s Day normally held in the month of March. There are many activities in Sport ‘s Day that will be contested such as 800m tally and javelin throw. This activity is aimed to bring forth pupils that are talented and active. Every pupil in the school will be taking portion in each activity in Sport ‘s Day. Their engagement will lend points to their contribute point for several group. From this Sport ‘s Day, pupils will go more courageous to seek take parting in any activities that held anytime. 4.2- Interaction Day Second, Interaction Day is held in school to use the NPE aim. In the Interaction Day, parents will come to school to take their kid ‘s study card and it has to be taken from the schoolroom instructor. When the parents receive the study card, they can look at the consequence and inquire any inquiry sing their kid in category. During the interaction, parents can cognize the truth behaviour of their kid at school. In fact, they besides will cognize whether their kid to the full go to his category or non. Through this activity, pupils will go more hardworking in their survey. They will work hard to acquire lying colourss in scrutiny and do their parents proud of themselves. 4.3- Parents and Teacher Association Following activity held in school is Parents and Teacher Association. This activity is conducted by the schoolmaster and helped by the Teacher Assistants in the school. Parents will come to the meeting to discourse of import things sing the school or pupils. This activity aims for betterment the school ‘s failings. For illustration, if the school is non stress on subject, parents can kick about it. The school besides can acquire suggestion from parents on the improvement of the transmutation in the school. Furthermore, the activity besides gives a opportunity for school to inquire aid from parents to do an excess category for pupils. This is due to the deficiency of instructor to go to an excess category at school. At the terminal of this session, direction of the school will go better in the hereafter. In fact, the school besides can make any motivational encampment that requires payment to the organiser because the school will have some support from the parents. Therefore, pu pils can have more new thoughts about their surveies from the motivational encampment. 4.4- Excellence Award Day Other than that, there is besides an Excellence Award Day which will be held at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This activity is held to increase the pupils ‘ spirit to analyze hard. When pupils see an first-class pupil walk on a phase and have a coil of certification, they will experience challenged and get down to work hard. In this activity, the school will take the top 15 pupils in every category to take a certification on the phase. Through this activity, pupils will vie reasonably without aching anyone. They will analyze to accomplish the best grade in the scrutiny. They besides will get down to believe positively because they know they can success in the scrutiny and crush the individual who already walk on the phase. 4.5- Collaborative Activity Last, to accomplish NPE aims, the school besides held a collaborative activity. During the collaborative activity, instructors will affect along with the pupils. This activity is aimed for cooperation between pupils and people around. Besides that, it besides to fasten the relationship between pupils and instructors. Apart from that, this activity besides aims to convey consciousness to pupils about the importance of hygiene. At the terminal of the activity, the school will be able to bring forth school can bring forth pupils with a cleansing agent and diligent aid. Students will larn the significance of regard with each other. For illustration, immature pupils will honour pupils older than him. Students are besides more concerned about hygiene while analyzing. 5.0- Classroom Activity 5.1- Storytelling In category, the instructor besides makes some activities for pupils to develop NPE aims. One of the activities that the instructor does in the schoolroom is narrative stating. In the narrative stating activity, the instructor will pick 3 pupils to state their narrative in forepart of the category. Time given to each pupil is about 3 proceedingss. The ground why this activity held in category is to further develop pupils ‘ endowments in storytelling. Storytelling competition can besides supply chances for pupils to portion cognition and larn right vocabulary. Hopefully, this activity will bring forth pupils who are non diffident to seek something new. In add-on, the usage of proper grammar can besides be nurtured. Through the usage of proper grammar, pupils are able to reply exam inquiries successfully. 5.2- Group Discussion Next, other activity in category that the instructor has been carried out is group treatment. Before group treatment starts, the instructor will split all pupils in a group and each group contains about 5 pupils. This activity is to allow the pupils discuss the reply on their ain. It besides conducted to give pupils exposure to a batch of thoughts. They can besides discourse and give sentiments on the reply to be determined. At the terminal of this activity, pupils will be more comfy to socialise with other schoolmates. They would non experience left out because of the interaction between schoolmates were running. In add-on, this activity besides gives the feeling of person who seldom communicate in the schoolroom. For illustration, if a pupil is introverted in a category, the other pupils will state that he was an chesty pupil. However, after this activity traveling on, they will cognize that the pupils are non chesty but he is really friendly. 5.3- Spelling Bee Apart from that, instructors besides carry out the Spelling Bee activity. This activity involves all pupils in the category. An Activity of the Spelling Bee is intended to rectify spelling has ever been a job in school. It is besides to avoid any confusion in the spelling of a word. This activity will bring forth pupils who are able to spell the word right. This is so because, many pupils are confused to distinguish spelling Malay and English. For illustration, pupils will be entered for spelling televisyen to telecasting. In add-on, pupils ‘ vocabulary can besides be corrected during the activity period. 5.4- Mind Mapping and Brainstorming Besides that, instructors besides conduct Mind Mapping and Brainstorming activity in category. This activity must be participated by all pupils in the category. The purpose of this activity is to acquire an thought in finishing pupil ‘s prep. For illustration, if a pupil wants to make his essay, he can non compose it right because he does non hold thoughts to finish it. Sometimes, the chief point besides is non related to the inquiry. This activity was hoped that pupils can hold mature thought of doing a good essay. It besides will bring forth pupils who are originative. Other than that, mind function and brainstorming besides can assist pupils in work outing job. 5.5- Quizes Last, the instructor held a Quiz session to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. As usual, this activity requires all pupils to take part in it. This is due to the pupils who do non like to finish his prep. As a replacing, the instructor will do a short quiz before she starts a new lesson. At the terminal of the activity, pupils will be more prepare to read earlier to go through the quiz. Furthermore, this activity besides will construct pupils ‘ assurance degree in order to finish the quiz before clip is up. It besides can be alteration for pupils before the scrutiny hebdomad. 6.0- Decision In decision, the school has conducted many interesting activities such as Sport ‘s Day, Interaction Day, Parents and Teachers Association, Excellence Award Day and Collaboration Activity. While, the instructor has made a motion by doing activities in the schoolroom. The activities are Spelling Bee, Storytelling, Group Discussion, Mind Mapping and Brainstorming and Quizes. All the activities that had been done are appropriate to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupil. The activities besides received encouraging response from the pupils. 7.0- Appendix Interview Form Name: Position: School: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam â€Å" Education in Malaysia is an on traveling attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. † The national course of study of the school reflects the aims of national Philosophy of instruction ( NPE ) . By implementing the course of study efficaciously in schools, it can develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. By this, the establishments can bring forth ‘insan theoretical account ‘ as for the future coevalss. What 5 activities that school carried out to visualize/insist the aim of NPE? 1- _________________________________________ Why? Does the activity must be carried out by all pupils? What are the merchandises at the terminal? 2- ________________________________________ Why? Did parents give support in this activity? For illustration fund. How can it be applied in pupils ‘ day-to-day modus operandi? 3-________________________________________ Why? Does this activity involve pupils in the school or foreigner? How this activity aid in developing the pupils psychomotor? 4- ________________________________________ Why? Do pupils react good in the activity? In the hereafter, does this activity will alter a small spot so that it will go more happening? 5- _______________________________________ Why? Does instructors ‘ function is of import in the activity? What is merchandise did the activity reflect to the pupils? Interview Form Teacher ‘s name: School ‘s name: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam The national course of study is an educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition. From the definition above, it is clear that the national course of study reflects the aims of national doctrine of instruction ( NPE ) . As a instructor, what are the instruction activities that being focused/carried out in schoolroom to realize the National course of study in the advancement of modeling the pupil ‘s behaviour and believes. 1- Scope? Reason? Merchandise? 2- Why? Did pupils collaborate together in this activity? How much clip is given to the pupils to finish the activity? 3- Why? Did pupils ever acquiring bored with this activity? What are the terminal merchandises of the activity? 4- Reason? How many pupils take part? What is the pupils ‘ reaction towards this activity? 5- Why? How many frequent this activity held in category? What is the merchandise at the terminal of the session?