Impact of terrorism on employee engagement of female educators in Dissertation

Impact of terrorism on employee engagement of female educators in peshawar, pakistan - Dissertation Example This is a major exogenous factor with enormous significance in under developed countries like Pakistan. Women potentially represent 50% of the workforce in any economy. Where women are barred from educational opportunity and subsequently from prospects of gainful employment the impact on economic growth and development is likely to be profound. Female illiteracy results in high birth rates, high infant mortality and high incidences of poverty. This situation is recognised by the Pakistani Government through its social policy of co-education. 1.1. ORGANISATIONAL BACKGROUND AND RELEVANCE The research focuses on the impact of an external factor on the engagement of female educators; therefore, it is not ideal to use one organisation’s data for any analysis. Hence, 4 different schools were used to conduct the research initially. The data gathered was used to make formulate some key propositions regarding the situation in the region. The schools were divided into two groups. One gr oup operates in the state financed co-educational system whilst the second group offers private education and focuses exclusively on educating females. The research will derive the trends of employee engagement within the 2 different settings of the 4 schools and explore whether there are differences and if there are in what ways they become manifest. In addition, an effort is made to ascertain the extent to which any differences are a result of institutional policies and practices. Further research that focused on one school only was then conducted . The school chosen for further research was the one most affected by terrorist activities. It also happened to be a school dedicated to the education of females and therefore a specific target. Staff behaviours and reactions in this context it was felt would provide deeper insights into the impact of terrorism on employee engagement . The Snowballing technique was used to identify specific schools and in particular the school that becam e the focus for in depth research. Snowball Sampling is commonly used when it is difficult to identify members of the desired population (Saunders et al 2009). Moreover, purposive sampling was used to identify four junior teachers for interviews in each school. It was also used to choose the school for further research. Purposive sampling enables you to select cases that will best enable you to answer your research question(s) and to meet your objectives (Saunders 2009). Due to ethical considerations, the names of the schools are kept anonymous. This reasons are revealed in later chapters. 1.2. Employee Engagement Employee engagement is defined as the passion and energy employees when giving their own best to the organization in order to serve the customer. It is all about the willingness and ability of employees to give sustained discretionary effort to help their organization succeed. (Sarah Cook, 2008). Employee engagement, also called work engagement or worker engagement, is a b usiness management concept. An "engaged employee" is one who is fully involved in, and enthusiastic about, his or her work, and thus will act in a way that furthers their organization’s interests. Ken Scarlett defines â€Å"employee engagement† as an individual’s degree of positive or negative emotional attachment to their organization, their job and their colleagues.

Social Welfare Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Welfare Program - Essay Example This essay stresses that the social security welfare program has several goals that it intends to meet. For instance, they aim at providing for the needy in the community. They are also determined in providing the economic security that the American people desperately need. Doing so would require them to maintain maximum freedom in the economic lives of the American people. This paper declares that the provision of social insurance has been instrumental in the success of the program. Social insurance addresses the concept of economic security. The basic behide social insurance is that people make contributions to a centralized fund. The fund provides income to individuals who happen to find their income un-sustaining and give back after a period of time. Social insurance emphasizes on the social suitability of benefits. In its system, individuals who previously earned less income receive a higher benefit than those with higher earnings. It is this mechanism that has helped the system to grow in terms of benefits which is not applied by private insurance organizations. Social welfare has a number of aspects that contribute to its effectiveness. Provision of social insurance is one of those strengthening aspect to the program. Social insurance has been instrumental in empowering citizens. This is because it is a contribution made by people so that it can helps them get income later on. The concept provides a form of economic security to people. It enables them to provide for themselves even at old age when they cannot work.

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Chemistry - Essay Example The anions and cations can be varied to get the required end product. Ionic liquids have large anions and cations of low symmetry to reduce the lattice energy and reduce the melting point of the salts. Anions contribute towards the functions and chemistry of ILs and cations contribute towards the variable physical properties and stability of ILs (BÃ" §hme 2006). Ionic salts can be simple salts i.e. made up of one type of anion and cation or binary ionic liquids which are a mixture of two salts with varying melting points depending on their composition. Ionic liquids are used to substitute traditional solvents like volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) for their variable properties, low energy inputs and reusability. They are also used to extract various compounds such as metal ions, biomolecules and organosulfurs by using two phase extraction. The most commonly studied systems contain ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, pyridinium, imidazolium and pyrrolidinium cations. Common anions include hexafluorophosphate [PF]6-, tetrafluoroborate [BF]4-, bis(trifyl)imide [NTf]2 and chloride, Cl-. Ionic liquids help in minimizing and eliminating waste, improves chemical syntheses and extractions or separations (Holbrey, Turner & Rogers 2003). The reaction solvents are reusable and do not diminish in content which is a major advantage over traditional solvents that are sometimes volatile like the VOC’s. However, the most important feature of these ionic liquids that has led to the great amount of interest in them is the ease with which these can be manipulated to suit the needs of a particular reaction. Most of the properties that are attributed to reaction solvents can be redesigned to reduce or eliminate the losses in solvents and the reaction path can be modified to optimize reactions. This can be useful in recovering and reusing

Compare and contrasts the effect of terrorism on global events Dissertation

Compare and contrasts the effect of terrorism on global events - Dissertation Example Secondary research method was more appropriate because it provided sufficient historical data for comparison purposes. The hosting of the global event in these two cities corresponds to two critical periods in the history of terrorism. During the hosting of Olympic Games in Barcelona, there had been no major terror attack on global events for two decades, since 1972 attacks in Munich Olympic Games. However, prior to the hosting of Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000, terrorists had bombed similar global event in Atlanta, United States in 1996. One year after Sidney hosted the games, September 11 terror attacks in New York occurred. 5. Discussions and research findings Global events are important components of tourism, an industry that is very vulnerable to terrorism and insecurity. Currently tourism is one of the most important economic activities in the world besides telecommunication and information technology. The importance of hosting global events is evidenced by the stiff competiti on the many countries wishing to host events face to secure the hosting rights. Some of the most popular global events include the Olympics and FIFA world cup among others. The large audience that the global events attract make them susceptible to various threats, including violence from the fans, terrorism and natural disasters. From the 1990s, terrorism has been the one of the major concerns for the events organizers and the sports managers. The 1972 terror attacks that targeted Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics and the pipe bomb that exploded in1996 during summer Olympics in Atlanta are just of some of the few attacks targeting global events. Since then, other global events have been targeted by terrorism including International Cricket Council (ICC) tournaments in Asia, especially in Pakistan, UEFA champions league matches in Barcelona and the recent attacks in Kampala Uganda that targeted fans watching the finals of 2010 world cup finals in South Africa (Clark and Sophia 2008). Several research studies have been undertaken to investigate terrorism on global events, and one of the common findings is the insufficiency of security personnel training at venues in relation to those guarding against terror attacks. However, Appelbaum, et al (2005), argued that the unpredictable nature of terrorism and the conduct of attending fans present formidable difficulties in ensuring a secure environment at the venues. Therefore, it is imperative to enforce appropriate preparations, response and recovery measures to mitigate the effects of terrorism to the global events. There are various definitions of terrorism and Christopher (2000, p 52) defines it as â€Å"the illegal use of force or violence against people or property to threaten or coerce a government, the civilian population or any targeted sector in advancement of political or social objectives†. Terror attacks targeting global events and other civilian installations are normally well planned and or ganized. According to Christopher (2000), the objectives of terror attacks targeting areas with large number of people such as global events include inflicting the greatest amount of humiliation to the target and securing maximum publicity of the terrorist cause to the largest number of people in the world as possible. Moreover, terrorists who successfully launch attacks on the targeted areas mainly intend to gain credit or respect, compel the targeted population into agreement with

Social Welfare Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Welfare Program - Essay Example This essay stresses that the social security welfare program has several goals that it intends to meet. For instance, they aim at providing for the needy in the community. They are also determined in providing the economic security that the American people desperately need. Doing so would require them to maintain maximum freedom in the economic lives of the American people. This paper declares that the provision of social insurance has been instrumental in the success of the program. Social insurance addresses the concept of economic security. The basic behide social insurance is that people make contributions to a centralized fund. The fund provides income to individuals who happen to find their income un-sustaining and give back after a period of time. Social insurance emphasizes on the social suitability of benefits. In its system, individuals who previously earned less income receive a higher benefit than those with higher earnings. It is this mechanism that has helped the system to grow in terms of benefits which is not applied by private insurance organizations. Social welfare has a number of aspects that contribute to its effectiveness. Provision of social insurance is one of those strengthening aspect to the program. Social insurance has been instrumental in empowering citizens. This is because it is a contribution made by people so that it can helps them get income later on. The concept provides a form of economic security to people. It enables them to provide for themselves even at old age when they cannot work.

Compare and contrasts the effect of terrorism on global events Dissertation

Compare and contrasts the effect of terrorism on global events - Dissertation Example Secondary research method was more appropriate because it provided sufficient historical data for comparison purposes. The hosting of the global event in these two cities corresponds to two critical periods in the history of terrorism. During the hosting of Olympic Games in Barcelona, there had been no major terror attack on global events for two decades, since 1972 attacks in Munich Olympic Games. However, prior to the hosting of Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000, terrorists had bombed similar global event in Atlanta, United States in 1996. One year after Sidney hosted the games, September 11 terror attacks in New York occurred. 5. Discussions and research findings Global events are important components of tourism, an industry that is very vulnerable to terrorism and insecurity. Currently tourism is one of the most important economic activities in the world besides telecommunication and information technology. The importance of hosting global events is evidenced by the stiff competiti on the many countries wishing to host events face to secure the hosting rights. Some of the most popular global events include the Olympics and FIFA world cup among others. The large audience that the global events attract make them susceptible to various threats, including violence from the fans, terrorism and natural disasters. From the 1990s, terrorism has been the one of the major concerns for the events organizers and the sports managers. The 1972 terror attacks that targeted Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics and the pipe bomb that exploded in1996 during summer Olympics in Atlanta are just of some of the few attacks targeting global events. Since then, other global events have been targeted by terrorism including International Cricket Council (ICC) tournaments in Asia, especially in Pakistan, UEFA champions league matches in Barcelona and the recent attacks in Kampala Uganda that targeted fans watching the finals of 2010 world cup finals in South Africa (Clark and Sophia 2008). Several research studies have been undertaken to investigate terrorism on global events, and one of the common findings is the insufficiency of security personnel training at venues in relation to those guarding against terror attacks. However, Appelbaum, et al (2005), argued that the unpredictable nature of terrorism and the conduct of attending fans present formidable difficulties in ensuring a secure environment at the venues. Therefore, it is imperative to enforce appropriate preparations, response and recovery measures to mitigate the effects of terrorism to the global events. There are various definitions of terrorism and Christopher (2000, p 52) defines it as â€Å"the illegal use of force or violence against people or property to threaten or coerce a government, the civilian population or any targeted sector in advancement of political or social objectives†. Terror attacks targeting global events and other civilian installations are normally well planned and or ganized. According to Christopher (2000), the objectives of terror attacks targeting areas with large number of people such as global events include inflicting the greatest amount of humiliation to the target and securing maximum publicity of the terrorist cause to the largest number of people in the world as possible. Moreover, terrorists who successfully launch attacks on the targeted areas mainly intend to gain credit or respect, compel the targeted population into agreement with

The Dangers of Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

The Dangers of Genetically Modified Foods Essay Despite the recent surge in media coverage regarding genetically modified foods (GM foods) many Americans are unaware of what these foods are, or the possible benefits and dangers associated with them. Sometimes referred to as agricultural biotechnology; genetic modifying means that the DNA of food has been altered in some way at a cellular level. Scientists have learned that by inserting the genetic information from one organism into another they can create food crops that grow larger, stay fresh longer and are equipped with their own pesticides. GM foods have been a common part of the national diet since the early 90s. As with many scientific advances; e. g. , using chemo therapy to treat cancer, or underwater oil drilling, there have been unexpected, negative side effects. Genetically modified foods are not the super-food they claim to be. Until further research has been done to verify their safety, and prove they do not pose a threat to human health, the environment, and agricultural bio-diversity the use of GM foods should be banned or drastically limited in the United States. Human Health Many opponents to GM foods have raised concerns regarding the vast potential for these crops to cause allergic reactions in humans. A medical investigation done in India in 2005 determined that hundreds of agricultural workers developed allergies after being exposed to genetically modified cotton that contained Bacillus thuringensis (bt) toxins (Saunders, Ho, Cummins, 2007). Bt toxins are common biological pesticides that can be found in products like Roundup; a popular brand of household weed killer. Monsanto, the makers of Roundup, is also currently the world leader in GM food production. Similar research in parts of China and Africa also found a significant increase in the number of allergic reactions reported by agricultural works (Saunders, Ho, Cummins, 2007). The Journal of Hematology Thromboembolic Diseases published the results of study done on rodents that yielded frightening results. It was determined that there was a significant detrimental effect to the liver and kidneys of rats fed a strictly GM maize diet. The negative effects were caused by the mutagenic properties of genetically altered foods and the presence of Bt toxins transferred to and detected in the blood of the animals. The study concluded that before these foods can be considered safe for human consumption there will need to be longer studies completed on the effects of the toxins (Mezzomo, Miranda-Vilela, Freire, Barbosa, Portiho, 2013). Bt toxins, which have also been found in crops of soy and corn, are added to crops in hopes of reducing pests like weeds without the use of external combatants. The Environment The toxins produced by GM crops are not only dangerous to humans; they can be harmful to the environment as well. One pledge listed on Monsanto’s website states â€Å"We will use sound and innovative science and thoughtful and effective stewardship to deliver high-quality products that are beneficial to our customers and to the environment† (Monsanto, 2013). Many people have questioned the truthfulness of this promise. Prior to the wide-spread use of GM crops, there were multiple concerns regarding the over-use of chemical pesticides applied through sprays. Consumers have been told that by genetically altering the foods so they can produce their own pesticides there would be a vast reduction in the need for sprayed chemicals. Recent studies have shown that this is not the case. A 2007 survey of farmers who grew maize, soy, and other pesticide tolerant crops showed an increase of 383 million pounds more pesticide used than they would have required with non-tolerant seeds. The use of herbicides rose 31. 4% from 2007 to 2008 on GM crops. It was shown that as the weeds become increasingly tolerant to common pesticides like Bt toxins there will be increased need for external chemical pesticides (Budinger, 2013). Washington State University researcher, Charles Benbrook, likened the overuse Bt toxins to the overuse of antibiotics to treat common infections and stated that Its very much the same dynamic in play. By genetically altering corn, soybeans, and cotton so they can be sprayed throughout the growing season, farmers are now spraying their fields three times a season. Naturally as the weeds grow more tolerant they pass that trait to next generation, creating what is commonly referred to as a â€Å"super-weed† (Koebler, 2013). Roundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used in many GM crops. The makers of Roundup have long reported that this is a safe alternative to chemical pesticides. Although this type of herbicide may be more desirable than its purely chemical rivals there are still environmental factors that must be considered. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has stated that glyphosate has been proven to be deadly to earthworms. The decreased number of earthworms has resulted in a significant decrease of the bird populations in many areas where GM crops are grown (USDA, 2013). There has been no ruling against the use of Bt toxins in the United States however the French court has over-ruled Monsanto’s claims that there are no harmful effects to humans or the environment in 2009 (Marshall, 2013). Threats to Agricultural Biodiversity Concerns have also been raised by scientists and environmentalists regarding unintended effects of Bt toxins on non-targeted animals and insects. If the weeds can grow tolerant of the pesticides, it is logical to believe that insect pests may develop a resistance as well. This will cause there to be a spike in the pest insect population causing and imbalance in their relationship to preying animals (John Innes Centre, 2013). The most alarming effects of pesticides are related to the recent phenomenon of disappearing bees known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). This, however, is not related to Bt toxins; it is believed to be caused by neonicotinoids, a class of neuro-active insecticides produced by Bayer, the second world leader in GM crop production. A study done by The Harvard School of Public Health was able to recreate CCD by introducing neonicotinoids to four bee colonies. The study showed that bees exposed to high amount of neonicotinoids perished quickly, however the colonies exposed to small amounts over a period of four months also eventually succumbed to CCD. Alex Lu, an associate professor of environmental exposure biology in the Department of Environmental Health led the study and stated â€Å"â€Å"The significance of bees to agriculture cannot be underestimated, and it apparently doesn’t take much of the pesticide to affect the bees. Our experiment included pesticide amounts below what is normally present in the environment† (Chensheng Lu, Kenneth M. Warchol, Richard A. Callahan. 2012). False Promises It is arguable that GM food manufacturers could not anticipate such harmful effects on humans and the environment and therefore we can view their statements regarding health and safety as non-malicious, however, there have also been false claims made by Monsanto that make it extremely difficult for the consumers to have faith in their practices. A Monsanto-trained scientist, Dr. Florence Wambugu, claimed that the sweet potatoes grown on a test farm in Africa showed a higher yield that of the non-modified variety grown on the same farm. This caused many proponents of GM foods to claim that international cultivation of these crops will solve our world hunger problems by creating a sustainable food source. It was later discovered that the claims made by Wambugu were untrue and, in fact, the GM sweet potatoes died out much sooner than the naturally grown counter-part. A similar study done in Uganda has also shown that non-GM sweet potatoes produce higher yield. Multiple unsuccessful studies were done on gm sweet potatoes spanning a 12-year period and costing over $6 million (The Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Packaging at San Jose State University, 2013). The World Bank and four United Nations agencies completed a study in 2008 and concluded that GM crops are not the solution for creating a sustainable food source. The study found that the sustainability of these crops is unreliable and whereas the yield was higher in some areas, it was significantly lower in others. The study also showed that organic and near organic farming had a much higher success rate in Africa where there is an emergent need for more food. (Vazakas, Arvanitoyannis, Baltas, 2007) There has been a limited amount of research done to prove the efficacy and safety of GM foods and despite claims that they are not safe for human consumption, they are becoming increasingly harder for Americans to avoid. Since the introduction of GM food there has been a substantial increase in the number of food allergies reported each year in the United States (Will Genetically Engineered Foods Cause Allergic Reactions?, 2006) . The World Health Organization has concluded that further research and monitoring of public health records will need to done before a conclusive answer can be reached (World Health Organization, 2013). It is imperative that the American people educate themselves on the negative side effects of GM foods and put a halt to the practices of GM food giants like Monsanto and Bayer. References Budinger, M. (2013). Whoops! The Legacy of Genetically Engineered Food. Retrieved from http://arizonaadvancedmedicine.com/articles/genetically_engineered_food. html Chensheng Lu, Kenneth M. Warchol, Richard A. Callahan. In situ replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder. Bulletin of Insectology. 2012. John Innes Centre. (2013, May). Impact of growing GM crops on biodiversity. Retrieved from http://www. jic. ac. uk/corporate/about/publications/gm-debate/gm-impact-on-biodiversity. htm Koebler, J. (2013, June). Herbicide-Resistant Super Weeds Increasingly Plaguing Farmers. Retrieved from http://www. usnews.com/news/articles/2012/10/19/herbicide-resistant-super-weeds-increasingly-plaguing-farmers Marshall, E. (2013). European Ruling Curbs Monsantos Claims on GM Crops. Retrieved from http://news. sciencemag. org/scienceinsider/2010/07/european-ruling-curbs-monsantos. html? rss=1 Mezzomo, B. P. , Miranda-Vilela, A. L. , Freire, I. S. , Barbosa, L. P. , Portiho, F. A. (2013). Hematotoxicity of Bacillus Thuringiensis. Journal of Hematology Thromboembolic Diseases, 1(1), 1-9. Monsanto. (2013). monsanto. com. Retrieved from http://www. monsanto.com/newsviews/Pages/Issues-and-Answers. aspx Saunders, P. , Ho, M. , Cummins, J. (2007, March). GM Food Nightmare Unfolding in the Regulatory Sham. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. , 19(2), 66-77. The Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Packaging at San Jose State University. (2013). Harvest of Fear. Retrieved from http://www. nufs. sjsu. edu/clariebh/Harvest%20of%20Fear. html USDA. (2013). Draft Environmental Impact Statment November 2009. Retrieved from http://www. aphis. usda. gov/biotechnology/downloads/alfalfa/gealfalfa_deis.pdf Vazakas, T. H. , Arvanitoyannis, I. S. , Baltas, H. (2007, October). The Polotics and Science behind GMO Acceptance. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47(4), 335-61. Will Genetically Engineered Foods Cause Allergic Reactions? (2006, October 5). American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Retrieved from http://www. asbmb. org/ World Health Organization. (2013). Evaluation of Allergenicity of Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/en/ec_jan2001. pdf.