U.S. Role in the Modern Middle East Essay Example for Free

U.S. Role in the Modern nub East EssayFor a period of more than sixty years, coupled States has been a prime player in politics of the Middle East. Since the 1991 Gulf War, Iran in the 50s and the time of contemporary Iraq devastation, the polity of United States has always created a jumbo impact in the domestic affairs of the Middle East. For example, one of the current pervasive features is the Anti-Americanism in the present day public opinion of the Middle East. In this region, Israel is considered one of the best allies of the United States of America. Israel has been receiving aid from America since it was created in 1948. In fact, Israel receives a staggering amount of approximately $3 billion annually (Porter, 2010). This is a fact that foreign policy experts in the Middle East are supposed to be aware of. The Middle East is a opposing region and Israel requires guarantee from America on the security front. Moreover, the United States on the other hand relies on the Israel administration in several(prenominal) respects. For example, during the cold war, the capital of the United States administration needed Israel so that it can counter communism.The United States needed Israel in formulation of a market economy approach in Middle East and again as a reliable ally in strategizing the Middle East policy projects. The foreign policy experts in Israel give a crap several things they need to learn not only on what is happening today but also from history. According to Kaplan (1993), Arabist tradition dates back to the times of Eli Smith in 1827 who took to the Lebanese mountains to learn Arabic. The impact of Arabs however on the U. S. policy began in 1940s.This is the moment United States engaged itself actively in this region. Kaplan shows that the Arabs are just homogeneous China hands since they also had and still have skills Department of State needed such as reliable contacts, local culture knowledge and language. Arabs in State had that domination capacity in the Middle Eastern bureau and this enabled them to absorb several others to their viewpoint. Arabs are mostly bound in a shrimpy world of their own and thus during this time they lacked enough imagination on what were the interests of the United States in their region.Arabs want a pristine Middle East and for abundant they have been against its modernization. As Arabs strive to show the harmony between Arab- Islamic and Western culture, they loath the Greeks and Maronites. But of all, what they hate most is the Israelis. They blame them that they spoiled the century-old idyll. For the policy makers thus, at that place is needed for them to understand that Americas continued support for Israel angers Arabs and once made many of them to turn to anti-Semitism. Arabs carry old grudges which make them not to see the value Israel has on United States.Kaplan in general wants to show the policy makers that the issues concerning Israel are not just about Israel and oil but there is need for the country to devote to Arabs since they are part and parcel of the American history. In as much as America may decide to focus on on what is happening within the boundaries of Israel, it should not be forgotten that the relations that Israel has with its neighbors determine the outcome. According to Bronson (2006), oil for example has always been a significant ingredient in Saudi-Arabian-U. S.relationship as well as in all the rest of the Saudi dealings. This can hardly be otherwise for this country since it carries most a quarter of the available oil resources in the globe and its oil exports carries between 90% and 95% of the overall export earnings. It is however important to landed estate that even if oil offers a good explanation of what America wants in this region, it is not possible to explain the relationship strength. Thus, decision makers in the United States have to determine the relationships needed to be sustained and in what manner they should be maintained.The policy makers may be required to know that peace is the main solving to the major problems experienced in Lebanon and this will only be achieved if Lebanese are in a position to love their siblings more as it seems as if they hate them. According to Friedman (1989), he confesses that the internal divisions in Israel have to be papered afresh so that a new political life may take route. Even if Friedman looks like he has exaggerated on this point, U. S. decision makers in foreign countries like Israel need to see that there is a possibility of Israel discharge the Lebanon way.All in all, U. S. foreign policy experts need to understand in their endeavors that the hostility that Arab countries have towards Israel still acts as the heart of Israel-Arab problem. The missing debate in Washington is not between those few who want Israel to be destroyed and the majority who want it to survive. Irrespective of what, Washington must support the right for Israel to inhabit in recognized international borders and most of all defend its interests against nay threats.ReferencesPorter, K. (2010).The US-Israeli Relationship. Retrieved from http//usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/countryprofi3/p/usisraelprofile. htm Kaplan, R. D. (1993). The Arabists The Romance of an American Elite. Retrieved from http//www. danielpipes. org/885/the-arabists-the-romance-of-an-american-elite Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than oil Americas uneasy partnership with Saudi Arabia, New York Oxford University Press US. Friedman, T. L. (1989). From Beirut to Jerusalem. Retrieved from http//www. danielpipes. org/32/from-beirut-to-jerusalem

World War I Essay Example for Free

foundation contend I EssayIntroduction The struggle began in the mid of May, year 1914. A Bosnian Serb student, Gavrilo Princip, chivyd shots from his revolver under an oak tree, aiming to murder Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the workforced heir to the Habsburg thr wholeness, the Austria-Hungary supremacy. This happened as he and his married woman visited Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.The plot to murder the archduke is a part of Princips training and it was directed by Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, new(prenominal)wise known as the Apis, or The grunter. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic is the head of the Serbian military intelligence during the time of assasi state. Bosnia-Hercegovina, therefore, was under the rule of Austria-Hungary, that which Archduke Franz Ferdinand is scheduled to succeed. Princip did non only successfully accomplish the murder of the archduke. He did fire a shot that killed his wife, Sofie, as well. She passed away in few minutes with his husband (Strac han 1998). This single instance of this assassination triggered the First World struggle, which is further referred to as The War to End All Wars. It was in July 28 of the same year that Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. At first, this was supposed to be the third Balkan war, but it did in the end become the World War I. Initially, the Austrian g everywherenment would like to Serbia to take responsibility of what had happened and to fully allow Austrian investigators to take part in the chance investigation and proceedings.At this point, Austria-Hungary was already assured of an exclusive, unconditional aid by the Germans, should the war break out. The Serbian government, on the early(a) hand, has been able to solicit the support of Russia, which is already considered as a oversized powerful nation then. Serbia agreed to all terms subjected to them, except to the one that allows the involvement of the Austrian agents in the case. Serbia believed that this is other issue of violation of their already marred sovereignty by the same nation (Strachan 1998). Both Russia and Austria-Hungary mobilized their armies during the long stand-off. Germany, however, set an ultimatum to Russia to stop their army mobilization in no less than 12 hours. After the ultimatum has expired and Russia did not respond, Germany then declared war on Russia. Germany started with the occupation of Luxembourg, aiming to get Belgium as well. The German valued a free passage from Belgium into France, but the former disagreed to it. During this point in time, Belgium, France, and Britain are all on neutral position with regards to the war. But by frightful 3, Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium because their free passage was not granted (Strachan 1998).This then triggered Britain to declare war against Germany. Thus, the formation of the Allied Powers, led by Britain, France, and Russia came about. laterward on, they are joined in by Italy and the linked States army. They all unite in full force against the Central Powers, which, on the other hand, were composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the puff of air Empire. The Ottoman Empire, which give the sack also be regarded as the Turkish Empire, joined the First World War as a result of a arcanum Ottoman-German Alliance that is signed in August 1914. Russia was a long-time enemy of the Ottoman Empire, and this is the main reason why they chose to be on the Central Powers side, even if there ease up been several parties in their side who are in favor of alliance with the Allied powers instead (Strachan 1998).the Statess bewilder in World War I Prior to 1917, the American position on the First World War was neutral and impartial, just like that of Britains before the declaration of war with France. The then president, President Woodrow Wilson, reflects the public mood of remaining that way and instructed the Congress to do and maintain so. The Washingtonians and the whole nation in general, fully supported this stance.America upheld its position of insisting on unbiased rights. They are also aiming to successfully negotiate peace in all other places that has acquired stress due to the tensions brought about the war boiling in Europe. But America has one stand which is based from its own state business sectorss and pride. And that is not to take into account un remainricted submarine warfare. The American nation believes that viola infringement of this would result in the violation of their respective national dignity (Goldstein and Maihafer 2004). At first, Germany agreed to this sole provision. They stopped unrestricted submarine warfare, but only for the time being. It is by January that they publicly announced that they would continue to do so. It was in this year that Britain dominated the seas, and they buzz off done so for many centuries preceding the war. This caused the State of America to entirely eradicate its neutrality and join the forces of the Allied Powers, as an associate.To counter Americas response, Germany even commissioned Mexico to join the war beside them and be their ally against the United States. This instance fueled and further angered the American population and opinion. By April 16, 1917, the United States declared war against the Germans, as requested by President Wilson. The U.S. House of Repre directatives accordingly approved the resolution to join the First World War with a high margin of pro-war votes at 373-50. The US Senate followed suit with an 82-6 stand also in favor of the nations approval to join the now overmuch celebrated war (Goldstein and Maihafer 2004). The American initial position on the war, in reality, seems to make its decision to enter it relatively less likely. America is on a neutral stand, and would likely to remain neutral had the Germans did not took the first step to severe that otherwise peaceful position (Goldstein and Maihafer 2004).Even prior to Americas involvement in this war, the whole governing body, including all its sight, continually follows the judicious guidance of its previous president, President George Washington in his farewell address, as delivered on September 17, 1796. And that is to steer clear of any permanent alliance in any portion of the foreign world. The people and the government of America remained true to this statement, until after its own dignity was trampled upon and was forced to join the First World War. And that single instance made it easy for the entire nation to take part in a coalition against the very people who attempted to take pride out of the whole country (Klose and Lader 2001).But following the events of the First World War, the German people did seem to intentionally go against the United States declaration of no unrestricted submarine warfare. That is the only stance that the American nation requested with the counterpoint forces, but that simple request was not granted. Germany, in their own defensive and offensive tactics, found it fitting to continue their attack, for reasons they alone know (Klose and Lader 2001).Given this scenario, it seems as if that that whole circumstances was planned and mitigated, with the aim to drag the Americans into the war. The Germans, at that point, believe that they could walk over America and their whole army. But they were painfully wrong. They had underestimated the military discourtesy of the American force and they actually seem to switch requested for their defeat even more, after they had decided to involve the Americans (Klose and Lader 2001).The American artillery joined forces with the British and the French, and the American troops are not scattered or broken up to reinforce the British or the French army. They fought as one group, one nation, against one cause.The Effects of American Involvement on the Home Front Americas participation and victory in the First World War has its share of advantageous and disadvantageous points. Fir st and foremost, right after the war, the United States, as well as her other allies, namely Britain and Italy, experienced an increase in their respective Gross Domestic Product or GDP. While statistics tell that that is seen to have decreased in allies France and Russia, the American nations have surely gained from the boost. However, on the Central Powers side, there was an astounding shrinkage of as much as 30% to 40% in their respective GDPs (Hibbard 1919).It is also believed that the greatest and the most important thing that the war ever contributed to the American nation is in the form of loans and supplies that are addicted and are sent to the Allies. As a proof, a lot of money was raised by bond sales, which is much as compared to those raised by taxes. The cost of the war was estimated to be US $35 billion, and about $10 billion of that went to the Allies in the form of loans. The whole American Nation gained from this, as the British and the rest of the forces began to refund their loans back to the United States (Hibbard 1919).The First World War also resulted in the expansion of the military powers of the then underestimated American nation. America was not even remotely compared to the British Empire or the other powerful countries before. But because of their support and victory of the First World War, the American people and government became aware of what they can do with their military powers. This is the birth of America being a super power, in terms of weaponry attack and tactical offense. Indeed, America was reborn to that of a giant, a giant in terms of its national stability, force and power (Hibbard 1919).The First World War also brought about American apparent command of the world. As a country that never affiliated itself with other foreign entities, it is perceived to be just a stand-alone race, ready to respond to its native needs and requirements. But because of the World War I, the American nation has become a domineering for ce in the economical, political and the friendly aspects (Bagby 1999).As a negative effect the First World War actually resulted in the shortage of laborers and farm workers. Military men and soldiers were sent over to the war. And common men were even drafted to join in, to add to the number of military soldiers and privates. America, even though it is engaged in the war, inevitably, still has to produce for the rest of the nation. The need to be economically stable amidst the war is very much important (Bagby 1999).Because it was the women who are left on the American soil, they stood up and participated accordingly. These women, who then, do not have any social powers and abilities to call their own, came out and worked in the absence of their male counterparts. If before, they were merely persons of the house, the war drastically changed that. They worked and did their husbands, their sons, or the brothers job (Bagby 1999).And in line with this, it is also the First World War t hat sparked womens right to suffrage. This originally started in the British soil, but actually found its way towards America. American women unawares found their voices and demanded to be heard in the society, as well as in politics through the electoral process. And the woman did succeed in this endeavor. She was given the right to vote in the 19th amendment of the United States Constitution in the year 1920. The rest of the nations, including Canada and Britain, followed (Mead 2004).American radicals proposed a live for the day attitude in response to the World War I. This attitude was introduced so as to inculcate to other people that American nation has to stop in meddling with other nations concerns and start living on its own, for its own. But this isolation idea can be referred to be in vain, if data up to the rate of flow day is taken into consideration (Mead 2004).Conclusion The First World War has taken its toll towards other nations as well as America. Any war, big or small would create an impact in all the aspects of a nation. A war is not for the poor, because it would just consume its resources even more. The war possibly for the rich nations, but even them, would feel the impacts of the war, even if the lose or win in it. Either the case, there is no real winner in a war. Every nation, everyone, is left on the losing end. United States has been wise to join the war. Because through it, it has successfully unleashed its military powers and social dominance that it otherwise would not have discovered. The potential to become powerful, to uphold the whole worlds rights, to protect every nations privileges, have become so moving in the part of the Americans. The American has become the stronghold for leadership, equality, power, and justice. This is the image that American has acquired because it has joined the very First World War. And this image is too life-size and too real. The rest of the nations began to be looking up to the American power and pride. American has indeed become a super power. But America could have been wrong to join the war too, because it has exposed the whole nation into unnecessary grief and hardships. The United States of America has long been self-sufficient. It participated in economic trade and relations, if only to develop itself and its people. It has not affiliated nor allied itself to other foreign entities, no matter how big and strong they may seem, simply because it do not want to subject its people to the implications a certain world(prenominal) treaty would bring a treaty that, in the face of difficulties and international strain, would definitely place the entire nation in a very inconvenient stature. And this is a stature that the great men in the history of the United States have foreseen. And because America has proved that it is strong and capable, over time, it has lived up to its own self-acclaimed title of being the worlds alleviator, as the worlds protector against injustice and violations. Since the World War I, the American nation has processed laws and statues that have involved its own self in the Second World War, in the Cold War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and more recently, the attack on Iraq. The then stand alone and sufficient nation has seen itself suddenly amidst turmoil and conflict against other countries, in reasons directly, and even indirectly applicable to them. They are involved in situations they have to decide for themselves and the other nation. They require themselves to help who they perceive as the much weaker country. The effect of the World War I on the United States of America is indeed, very big. Its once neutral stand against disagreeing countries that was seen prior to World War I was never seen again after it. The nation has assumed a grapheme on its own, and it is not necessarily a productive idea, because it does affect it overall processes as a nation, and as an entity. Americas international relations have chang ed since the First World War. Some diplomatic relations have severed. A lot of economical embargo was positioned. But there are also international relations that are nurtured and stabilized. Since the First World War, Americas alliance with Britain was enhanced and has become noticeable stronger, no matter which President or which primal Minister has replaced their respective predecessors. The war, in general, brought out in to open the men who are in abnormal need of power and those who are philanthropists of goodwill and equality. in that location are times that war is good when it is viewed from a different angle. But in general, and in essence the avoidance of war should still be primary. The effects of war to the people of today and the future generation should not be overlooked just to serve personal and selfish reasons. In times of war, we necessary people who are humanitarian advocates, and not those who have an uncharacteristic clamor of authority and control.Works Cited Mead, Rebecca J. How the Vote Was Won Woman Suffrage in the western United States, 1868-1914. New York New York University Press. 2004. 1-10.Goldstein, Donald M and Maihafer, Harry J. America in World War I The Story and Photographs. Virginia Brasseys Inc. 2-6. Strachan, Hew, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War A History. New York Oxford University Press. 1998. 52-59 Klose, Nelson and Lader, Curt. United States History Since 1865. New York Barrons Educational Series. 2001. 6-12.Bagby, Wesley Marvin. Americas International Relations Since World War I. New York Oxford University Press. 2001. 5-9Hibbard ,Benjamin Horace. Effects of the Great War Upon Agriculture in the United States and Great Britain. New York Oxford University Press.1919. 65-69

Examination of Clinical Psychology Essay Example for Free

Examination of Clinical Psychology EssayClinical psychological science has a full history that dates back to the early days of Greek philosophy. The combination of philosophy, current psychology and science has created a specific discipline in clinical psychology. Research continues to improve and evolve this branch of psychology. in that location are certain distinctions that set clinical psychology apart from other areas of this discipline and this paper will explore not only those distinctions but excessively the history of clinical psychology.The History of Clinical PsychologyThe beginnings of psychology in general stick out be found in the era of Greek philosophy. primeval philosophical thinkers saw the connection between the mind and body including the influence that relationship had concerning emotional sickness. Hippocrates, Plato, and Aristotle were a few of those that recognized the soul or life-time as being the primary force of the body. They also recognized that problems within the soul could manifest in physical illness (Plante, 2011, p. 34). In the middle ages, whatever kind of mental, emotional or physical sickness was thought to be characteristic of sin or evil and treatments of such issues were dealt with on a ghostlike level. The following Renaissance era was all about scientific research and discovery taking the previous tenets on spiritual origins and disproving them. Illness was established as something more than explain subject by scientific research rather than spiritual and metaphysical beliefs (Plante, 2011).As the nineteenth century rolled in, members of psychological study started to live with a more accurate witnessing of the connection between the body and mind. Sigmund Freud was one(a) such forward thinker and he promoted theories that unconscious thoughts of the mind can hold a strong influence on ones health drawing on the original beliefs of the Greeks (Parsons, 1958). The actual emergence of psychology beg an with the emergence of the first laboratory and book of psychology by Wilhelm Wundt.Development was quick after this first large step even though the new concepts and principles of psychology were being applied to peoples issues. Also the wars of our history appendd a platform for the world of clinical psychology. Service members emerged in war required specialized treatments which led to the development of psychometric assessments. Later developments led to the creation of evolved models of guidelines and develop for the education of clinical psychologists (Plante, 2011).Clinical Psychologys Evolving NatureClinical psychology has a fundamental instrument that develops its evolving genius which is described by its relationship with modern medicine and used of scientific methods (Kazdin, 2008). Clinical psychology continues to develop applications as new scientific evidence mounts. contemporary clinical psychology embodies the scientific advances of science mixing in a deep un derstanding of the mind. The relationship of practice and research continue to come unitedly to facilitate continual improvements in treatments and this relationship is a necessary element to the evolving nature (Kazdin, 2008). The only possible dispute for clinical psychology and research is the challenge of trying to customize treatment to meet the patients individual needs when there really is no defined outline of every individual need for each individual patient (Kazdin, 2008 p. 17).The Role of Research and Statistics in Clinical PsychologyResearch is a vital aspect of any psychology and clinical psychology is no different. Research provides the empirical foundation to answer questions with validity. Statistics is a vital part of this research since this area of the research facilitates researchers being able to conclude if the information is substantial and relevant. Research is also vital because to clinical psychology because it boosts therapy methods which leads to the i mprovement of ones life and it also helps discover powerful methods to diagnose and treat human behavioral issues (Plante, 2011). The scientific method of empirical study also benefits the researchers themselves enabling them to gain critical thinking skills. Research is one of the most fundamental practices that allows for the let outment of clinical psychology (Plante, 2011).Clinical Psychology as it Differs from Other DisciplinesThe primary differences between other disciplines and clinical psychology bear on the targeted training, area of focus and possibly even the educational requirements. Some psychologists participating in the area of clinical diagnosis, such as a school psychologist or social worker, generally must earn a masters degree but other specialized areas of clinical psychology might require a doctorate (Plante, 2011). School psychologists also specialize primarily in working with children and societys youth whereas social workers can serve a more broad populati on and work in hospitals, schools or even county programs. Areas of counseling psychology are very similar to clinical psychology and there is the belief that the two separate groups do not even need to exist separately (Kazdin, 2008).There are also psychiatrists who have the added, extensive education and training in the medical arena and for all intended purposes they are physicians. They not only counsel as psychologists but are allowed to issue psychiatric medicine. whence there are other various mental health care professionals such as psychiatric nurses, specialized counselors, and industry and organization counselors who all provide clinical services. Even though clinical psychology differs in some aspects from other counseling professions, all of them have the purpose of using psychological principles to understand human behavior, helping individuals to live healthier and happier lives (Plante, 2011).ConclusionAs this paper has laid out, there are many various contributions to the formation of clinical psychology becoming its own discipline. The evolution has traveled a long road but it has been steady and continuous with new information being discovered through and through scientific methods. Philosophy kicked off the curiosity that lead to future contributions by pioneers such as Freud and his psychoanalytic methods. Clinical psychology does hold its differences amongst other disciplines of psychology but the overall goal of all disciplines still remains to serve the general human population, attempting to give everyone a chance at a better quality of life.ReferencesKazdin, A. E. (2008). Evidence based treatment and practice new opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice. American Psychologist, 63(3), 146-159. Parsons, T. (1958). Social Structure and the Development of Personality Freuds parting to the Integration of Psychology and Sociology. Psychiatry Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 21(10), 321-340. Plante, T. (2011). Contemporary clinical psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons.

Economics Of The Music Industry Economics Essay

Economics Of The Music Industry Economics EssayThe Industry has reacted very badly to the consumption of CD sales. Many people blame the come d consume of CD sales on illegal file sharing and downloads but also to be considered is the counsel that CDs save been distributed and marketed over the last few years. around of the reasons could include non competitive pricing of CDs, reduced number of shops stocking them and some of the major labels unwillingness to experiment with other form of entertainment industry such as video games and DVDs which hold a consider adequate to(p) force on the industry.1The competition from other media such as the gambling industry has also affected CD sales. EA (Electronic Arts) is incorporating music and cinema experiences into the games themselves2.Piracy through CD burning has affected the sales badly unlike other industries such as the softw atomic number 18 and gaming industry which is forever updating itself. The CD has been around for over 20 years now and the music industry has not been so fast to give reinventing itself and has f each(prenominal)en behind in the technology race.Whilst Physical sales are f everying there has been an development of ticket sales at concerts and festivals and taxations have grown. In 2009 a report was released by the Performing Rights Society showing the retail value of recorded music fell 6% whilst live revenues grew 13%.3David Kusek describes this as a good thing for the industry as only 4 percent of records ever sold enough copies to break even.4The result in the increase of demand for live music could be down to the record industries obsession with trade and huge profit margins and has gradually become detached from its artists and consumers. Where as slackly live music promoters and agents have always been closer to the artists and their audiences5The relationship between artist, consumer and label is changing due to technology and the net income and this has affected the way in which music can be distributed. The relationship between the artist and label can be difficult. Music labels sometimes edit the artwork or the form of address of a song, much to the frustration of the artist. The artists have turned to the Internet and the role of labels is becoming progressively diminished, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through file sharing, web radio, and other peer to peer services, for little or no cost.6Bigger artists have ended their contracts. Radioheads problems with their label in 2007 ended with them releasing their album on their own and subsequently released as a pay what you want sales model as an online download.7The relationship has also changed between artists and consumers. Through the internet fans are now a lot closer to the favourite artists. For example, Tom De yearne, an American Rock musician created a website called Modlife.com which allows uses to associate to bands, artists and personalities using live vi deo broadcasts, text messaging, video blogs, mobile updating and twitter feeds.8The digital transformation has had a huge impact in the way artist merchandise is sold. The internet can now be use to sell merchandise directly marketed towards the fans. Before the internet, merchandising was selling hats and shirts to a long queue of fans at a venue, but now products are directly related to current fashions and culture.For example Grindstore.com detailally directs is merchandise towards fans of rock music and states it is able to offer the most comprehensive range of male and female music merchandise from all over the world9Grindstore features clothing from bands such as Greenday, Metalica, Slipknot and Motorhead all in one place. Other similar companies such as the American based Hottopic.com are a multi million dollar company showing revenue over twelve months ending July 31, 2009 was $768,200,000, a 4.52% increase from the previous year.10This just proves the power of music mercha ndising and direct marketing using the internet.For the music industry it is a hard task safeguarding existing sources of income and finding ways of developing new ways of income. One solution to safeguarding the future of music industrys income is through a change in the way which music is licensed. One way might be through a small fee that allows users to freely download all music. This could be through a tax which is payable on media products such as mp3 players, Ipods etc or through a blanket licence similar to that of the British Broadcasting Cooperation which is charged to all United Kingdom households, companies and organisations using any type of equipment that can receive and play music. These possibilities could be created by the record companies or part government intervention. I think this will be one of the best ways to create a source of income as it is becoming increasingly harder to police the web for illegal downloads.Another possibility in creating a new source of income is to become more precise in which the PRS collects royalties through the advances of the internet by creating a framework. Currently royalties collected from restaurants for example rely upon human estimations and averages and no consideration is made for the diversity of music played in antithetical types of venues. The use of digital technology could help this to be more accurate.To conclude, I have discussed how the UK music industry has reacted to current changes in consumption and distribution with specific analysis to how the industry has reacted badly to the decline in CD sales but the consumption of live music has increased. I have shown how direct marketing and merchandising by companies like grindstore.com is creating big profits for the music industry through the use of the internet. Through the changing relationships between artist, label and consumer I have shown how music distribution is changing and how due websites such as modlife.com fans are ever closer to their artists.Finally I have demonstrated ways in which the music industry can safeguard their revenues such as a blanket licence or by creating new ways in which royalties are collected.

Porters Five Forces Model of Competitive Advantage

Porters Five Forces Model of Competitive AdvantageThe aim of this root word is to critically analyse Porters 5-Forces modelling and the concept of the Resource-Based view (RBV) which originated from Wernerfelt (1984) to develop strategy as a source of hawkish avail. A comparative degree analysis between the two start outes is chthonictaken. This paper gain attempt to contrast the two frameworks taking into consideration what researchers have identified throughout the development of both(prenominal) theories.The methodology applied to cash advance this paper commences by briefly defining both concepts and their focus of attention. The analysis then identifies common elements found in both theories supported by diverse researchers opinions and views. This section undertakes a critical approach which serves a primary need to reach the objectives of the paper. The paper then proceeds with an essential critique of first harmonic differences between the two approaches under inves tigation. Specific uncomplimentary elements ar identified within both framework and which argon critically expounded. The paper concludes with a discussion on what could be the in store(predicate) of both theories and their contribution towards strategy formulation for organisations to gain competitive advantage.The Key Elements of Porters and RBV TheoriesIt is pertinent to squargon up briefly the key elements of both theoretical frameworks on which this paper will based to carry out a critical and contrast analysis.Porters 5-ForcesThe theory originating from industrial economics forms part of the classical perspectives of strategies developed throughout the destination fourty years of the twentieth century (Whittington 2001). Porter (1980), specialising on competitive strategy, designed a model of five competitive forces, to evaluate the attractiveness of the industry via which the bodied strategy can effectively capitalise on both present and emerging market opportunities. T his model serves as an indispensible tool in critically analysing both the structure and dynamics of the industry in which the organisation pertains (Fortenberry 2009). These five forces incorporate the threat of new entrants and substitute products or services to the industry on a horizontal dimension and the vertical dimensions of suppliers and customers bargaining powers. Both dimensions intersect on the fifth force consisting of the rivalry amongst current competitors in the industry (Porter 19804). The theory claims that favourableness is highest when competition is lower and that competition erodes profits (ibid). It further sustains that some competition should be avoided and the theorist gives advice on how firms can maximize profits through maintaining or changing fundamental industry structures. However, empirical investigation has failed to support the link between industry structure and profitability (Grant 1991117). Furthermore, Grove (1996) claims that government strat egic forces are cut in Porters theory.The Resource -Based ViewThe RBV framework designed by Wernerfelt (1984), is essential to assess strength and weaknesses within a business concern so as to engineer a strategic competitive advantage. Wernerfelt (cited in UoL 200965) advocated, that Sustainable competitive advantages are conferred by resources which are hard to imitate and scarce relation back to their economic value. The RBV strategic theory links resources, capabilities, competitive advantage and profitability and their synergistic combination, ensures a sustainable competitive advantage to the firm (Grant 1991). Theorists such as Fahy and Smithee (1999) remarked that the development of this framework took a step forward when diverse strategists became bored with Porters 5-forces theory, and found possible alternatives in the RBV theory. Grant (1991) claims that this theory can be befittingly applied in the development of robust long tern strategies. Primarily the RBV is focu sed on the maximisation of resources to economically perform efficiently and fulfill customer requirements.It is not surprising that this theory has its critics. Hooley et al. (1998) disagrees with this theoretical approach by arguing that due to its congenital focal point it jeopardises the importance of external market requirements. Furthermore, Grant (1991) implies that minute effort has been done to provide practicable applications of the RBV which brought him to develop his 5-stages approach to strategy analysis.Common elements in both Porters and RBV frameworksDiverse researchers such as Spanos and Lioukas (2001) claimed that both Porters and RBVs perspectives on strategic formulation are similar. Firstly, they both assume that regular higher profits are possible to earn and secondly both approaches attempt to define the term competitive advantage (ibid). Conversely, one can notice that both theories have contradicting and differing definitions of competitive advantage Gra nt (1991). This is further supported by claims make by Fahy and Smithee (1999) that both theoretical frameworks could have elements of vagueness and uncertainty in their methodology and both are obscure in their pragmatic approach. Both theorists have been criticised for their moribund approach towards the strategy development which in its originality is definitely ever-changing (Dickson cited in Fahy and Smithee (1999).Porters and Wernefelts approaches to strategy development for competitive advantage were critised by various researches for their lack of practical applications when strategic managers formulated their strategies to combat competition (Conner 1991 Grant 1991 Foss 1996). Besides, there is little evidence on to what extent both theories assist managers to take strategic decisions (Bridoux n.d.). entire Differences between Porters 5-Forces and RBVThe RBV and Porters framework, endorse a number of differences. Porters 5-forces (1980) model adopts a macroeconomic perspec tive of the industry whilst the RBV approach focuses on the micro perspective of the firms resources. Foss (1996) claims that Porter failed to assess the businesses potential of exploiting their resources so as to effectively implement their strategic plan. Furthermore, researchers such as Bridoux (n.d.7) claims that In Porters framework, the accumulation of resources is part of the implementation of the strategy dictated by conditions and constraints in the external environment. This is in contrast with RBVs framework where managers apply their resources and capabilities to lead organisations to competitive advantage over their rivals. Therefore, one can argue that Porters theory ignored the potential of the use of internal resources to determine strategies. Although the RBV can be applied tactfully so as to assess both resources and capabilities, however, it focuses simply on the internal infrastructure of the organisation. Conversely, Porters model adopts a wider macroeconomic p erspective, capitalising on an outside approach.The nature of performance that an organisation can attain marks also a fundamental distinction when contrasting Wernerfelt and Porters theories. On reviewing the RBV, it transpires that it represents efficiency in terms of how the business resources perform to maximise their over-capacity and in the meantime satisfy customer demand. In contrast, Porters approach focuses on the ability of the firm to exploit the monopolistic benefits of the market that differentiate between industries performance (Conner 1991).Besides the contrasting disagreements between both theoretical frameworks mentioned above, Foss (1996) claimed that the RBV approach is focused on long term strategy and can be applied to identify potential hazards by assessing opponents resources and capabilities. Conversely, Porters framework is oriented towards the external environment in terms of the short run with concepts such as commitment, signaling, the role played by exi t barriers (Foss cited in Bridoux n.d6).Uncomplimentary Elements within Porters 5 -Forces and RBV FrameworksThe write of this paper identified various elements within both frameworks and which are uncomplimentary to each other. These are critically anaylsed. This paper approach will contribute to the comparative analysis undertaken and furthermore enhance the contrasting discussion of the two models under investigation.One of the characteristics that is claimed to be found in the RBV by Barney et al. (2001) is that an entrepreneurs can be illumine through this theory as they can value their resources as a competitive advantage over their rivals. One can argue that the term entrepreneurial knowledge can be by far easily associated with the RBV approach rather than Porters framework.With respect to emerging markets, RBV research has been important in suggesting that local firms are interested in using foreign alliances to acquire advantages over their domestic rivals, in emphasising the importance of network ties as an intangible resource for entrepreneurial start-up and in understanding the changing benefits of unrelated diversification as economic institution develop.(Barney et al. 2001630).Other diverse researchers advocate that the RBV can assist firms to evaluate competitive advantage through an ethical approach by applying Corporate Social Responsibility in theory strategy formulation (Russo and Fouts cited in Barney et al. 2001). Besides, one cannot ignore what Powell and Dent-Micallef (cited in Barney et al.2001) remarked that the human resource skills combined with the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can play an important role within organisations to enable them to compete.A bountiful and complimentary element of the ethics and ICT approaches found in the RBVs framework and which is not found in Porters theory is the contribution towards the appreciation of strategic Human Resources focal point (HRM) (Wright et al. cited in Bar ney et al. 200l). Supporters of RBVs theory claim that the approach towards theperceived benefits of using human resources practices can be used by firms as a competitive weapon. However, Barney remarked thatAs yet research has failed to test empirically whether HRM practices are path dependent, casually ambiguous, or imitable. Similarly, there is a lack of evidence that HRM practices impact the skills and behaviour of the workforce, or that these factors are linked to performance.(Barney et al. 2001628)Moreover, Grant (1991119) when referring to the association of HRM with the RBV framework remarks that probably the most strategically important resources of the firm can be highly vulnerable because they are mobile and can be attracted by competitors.There are even some conflicting views by different authors whether Porters framework appreciates the role of industry co-operation when ascertain strategies. For example, Bridoux (n.d.5) claimed that Porter 1980s work is that it over e mphasises competition to the detriment of co-operation. Conversely, Aubert and Morel Guimaraes (n.d.) states that Porters embraces a strategic approach towards co-operation between industries. In fact, quoting Aubert and Morel Guimaraes (n.d.5) Porter argues that by strategy of cooperation, the companies achieve a stronger positioning together than they would in individual, in isolation.ConclusionThroughout this critical assessment of both theories, it emerged with a degree of certainty that Porters theory greatly differs from the RBV approach as it is focused on industry rather than on the organisations resources. Also, it can be concluded that both strategic frameworks are focused towards achieving lucrative maximisation through competitive advantage. However the RBV recommends the use of resources to achieve this goal whilst Porter approach uses the ability of the industry to position itself appropriately within its competitive forces. Surprisingly, this paper found out that the ories have been critised for their severe practicality limitations.Imai (n.d.) advocated that Each organisation is a collection of unique resources and capabilities that provides the basis of its strategy and the primary source of its returns. However, from a critical perspective, the author of this paper concludes that although the performance of an organisation is determined by its unique resources and capabilities, the industrys structural characteristics cannot be granted secondary consideration.

How organizations manage resistance to change

How organizations manage ohmic resistance to diversitySevere competitive and economic pressures that organizations count today were unthinkable a few decades ago. In order to shed excess costs and to respond more nimbly to customers and competitors, they are being urged to seize on naked organizational forms, tightened inter organizational linkages and improved management practices (cf. Miles and Snow 1980, Johnston and Lawrence, 1988). Any transform in organization is personifyed by a kind of resistance from its employees. In this assignment a few methods that can be determinationd to catch up with transmit in the organization are described.Technology developments, social and demographic shifts, competition of changing foodstuff and economic issues, t conclusion an organization to implement motley in it as well. The rapid and dynamic commute in market has increased consumerism. Whether it is an automobile industry or cosmetic industry or IT industry, consumer today ha s lots of choices these days that they need not have to wait for overnight for any product. This changing market scenario imparts a message to managing bodies that the way of work should also change with the changing market. From tutorial point of view a change is referred to as change in work pattern, work routine and work culture inside the working atmosphere. limiting is normally a reaction to changing commercial, technological, economical, structural and st tellgic environment in which the company operates (Barbara Senior, Organizational Change). For example departmentalization, job redesign, implementation of an international division are the examples of structural changes whereas work helpes, methods and equipments are technological changes.Change should be welcomed as it can produce positive benefits for the single(a)s, bring opportunities for individualized change and development, reduces boredom of work, provides new challenges and an opportunity to participate and r adiation diagram the outcome. But unfortunately as change is accompanied by resistance, it is truly important that the Change Manager anticipate and computer program strategies for dealing with resistance not only at the introduction of change still also for monitoring the change over long term (Ronald, G and Smith, J 1995). It is steadying to earn why large number resist change, because understanding this allows us to plan strategies to reduce resistance from the beginning. Kotter and Schlesinger identified the basic reasons of resistance to change are communication spread head and inadequate information that creates misunderstanding, sense of insecurity, different assessment of slur and disagreement over advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, individuals are more concerned with the implications for themselves (Management by Robbins and Coulter).Organizations do not change, individuals do. No matter how large is the project you are taking on, the success of project ultimat ely lies with each employee doing their work differently multiplied across all of employees impacted by the change (Web 1). Individual barriers to change include- tradition and set ways loyalty to existing relationships failure to accept the need for change insecurity orientation course for the existing arrangements break up of work groups different person ambitions panic of power skills and income inability to perform as well in the new situation as for example, when quality control methods based on statistical models were introduced into manufacturing units, the quality control department have to learn the new methods. Some may fear that they allow be unable to do so and may develop negative attitude towards the change or perform poorly if required to use the new methods. Sometimes change is resisted because of failures in the way it is introduced to the employees and the management fails to explain the need for change and its future benefits. Poor employer relations, lack of involvement in process and failure to offer back up and training for the introduced change are the other reasons for change resistance (Web 2).Resisting change takes many forms (Web 3) and the more obvious form is of supple resistance, objection and refusal to cooperate with the change occurs. Sometimes, resistance appears to be individual and sometimes it is clearly situational. It may be passive in which colleagues agree to a change but are un willinging or unable to implement something new. This subtle form of resistance is dealt with more difficulty. For example, at a staff meeting everyone agrees to follow a new procedure, but after several weeks it is being discovered that the procedure has not been implemented yet. Another example of this kind is the introduction of new computers at the new place but virtually no one is using them for the purpose for which they are intended, since the staff had their own machines. The employee consents to change by agreeing to it but later he only changes to appear cooperative, but in fact he is doing most things the way he was before the change.At the moment the change program is announced, many employees will employ tactics to protect themselves, their turf, and ultimately their place in the organization.Some will aggressively challenge the necessity for change. This is a time waster and thus pr nonethelessts critical objectives from being met. Every person who facilitates the change process mustiness work diligently to build consensus. The employee must be assured that every idea is worth considering. If anyone argues, he or she can be selected to explain why he or she looking ats the way they do and ask for three or four suggestions for making the process work.Some managers and members of the leading team will avoid change by passively refusing the commitment to the process. much these leaders will resist the change effort by being unavailable for meetings, denying resources, or withholding feedback. The lead ership is a particularly difficult foe, because change efforts often require the use of resources managed by the leadership, such as time and money. Without these resources change efforts are likely to fail. Accountability with consequences is the primary means for assuring leadership participation. Many employees and organizational leaders search for personal or professional diversions during the change process that will ultimately hinder the effort. A distracted individual can undermine the change effort by not being present physically or mentally when his or her critical input is needed. non being mindful of change creates an unnecessarily difficult experience for every member of the team. Such carelessness calls to mind the wasted energy expended when one runs against the wind. Change efforts provide an opportunity for every one affected to secure a new place in the organization or make a determination to seek a better fit elsewhere.Ken Hultman argues that while no-one is a pe rfect change agent, managers have to be impeccable role models for bringing up a productive change. The essential attributes of such a person include the ability to be a clear thinker who is able to propose a view about organizational situation and reach at logical conclusions. Hultman suggests few things in creating the right environment for change to occur. Firstly we must do things to establish a positive climate (p172) and secondly we must attempt to create environmental conditions that encourage an interest in improvement. Managers must demonstrate that how changes will improve employees flock and that there are opportunities in the change such as enabling colleagues to increase their knowledge and skills leading to genuine achievements and progress They must cultivate a value for collaborative working among staff and colleagues need each other to complete their tasks, it is easier to develop values of co-operation and mutuality. Whatever are the circumstances management mus t stay calm. At the heart of Hultmans analysis is a set of humanistic values along with an assumption that one cannot even hope to influence another colleague without firstly demonstrating that they will have their needs met in some way. It is likely to be counterproductive by getting impatient, exasperated and angry.Being a change manager it is his/her duty to reduce the resistance towards change and towards change and to increase the enthusiasm and level of commitment for the change. opus likely to encounter the people who resist change, people who welcome change will also be encountered and by knowing the reasons for their acceptance to change, the communication plan will be better formulated. People will accept change when they see possibility that they will gain something from the change. The gain may be either personal like, money increased job security status self satisfaction less effort and time and gain in better personal contact or other like it provides new challenges , likeness of the source, reduction in boredom etc.In order to reduce resistance to change, the manager should involve people affected by change, actively seeking their thoughts and reactions to proposed changes. They must develop a proper attitude towards resistance to change and realize that it is uncomplete good nor bad. The best way to minimize resistance to change is to involve those responsible for implementing it and those affected by it. People are more motivated towards successful completion when they feel that they are the valued participants in supply and implementing the change. Also ensure that people from all the levels of organization are involved in supply the change process and they should be listened carefully. In the early stages, manager should not launch into lengthy diatribes justifying the change as people are not provoke in that. They want to be heard and have their concerns attended to. They must recognize that it takes time to work through reactions to change. Then people should be sedulous in dialogue about the change. They should do this only after understanding the specific concerns of others completely. Change must be realistic, achievable and measurable.Communication and education is helpful method to sort out the things when resistance is due to lack of information or inappropriate information and analysis. Though time consuming, this method provides great employee support if persuaded. When cause of resistance is difficulty in adjustment to changes, management support and facilitation do work at times. This is expensive and still unreliable way to overcome the change. Manipulation of some information is necessary some times in order to avoid negative reactions by the employee. The people that easily accept changes and get adapted to changing atmosphere can set an example for others and hence they follow the suit. Therefore, they should be the first target of change program.Three basic steps- planning, implementation, and paygrade of outcomes of both the plan and implementation are involved in the change process. Resistance to change should be dealt ideally with planning and early stages of implementation. For proper planning for change, a manager must consider about how and when the change is needed and the way it should be communicated to the employees for their better support. Managers should pay attention to the focus of change, the amount of change, and the rate of change in order to implement change. Evaluation of outcomes of change is also very important as all the change efforts are result oriented. If change is not monitored, its effectiveness cannot be measured. This can be done by collecting data and comparing the results against original goals.To wind up at the end of an interesting discussion we can conclude that a degree of resistance is normal since change is disruptive and stressful but in general, most people have mixed reactions towards purposed change, so the change agents can be h elpful in highlighting the positive aspects in realistic manner. Although most people feel comfortable with minor changes, no one can live and work by yesterdays reality. Managers must reduce change in very effective, meaningful and healthy way without hurting the sentiments of the employees. By providing resources to support the changes, allowing enough time and flexibility and with the widespread commitment of people throughout the organization, change efforts will succeed.(2) Hultman, K. (1998), Making Change Irresistible Overcoming resistance to change in your organisation, Davies-Black Publishing, Palo Alto

Titus :: essays research papers

Titus" by William Shakespeare, Titus was a decent and honorable man. Titus loved and cherished his daughter Lavinia. He was a traditionalist, and stuck by his morals. Titus was brave. He showed he was trusty to those he cared for. He honored his family. Titus was a respected soldier and leader.     Titus was a decent man because he loved and cherished his daughter Lavinia. Being Lavinia was his altogether daughter of twenty-six children he spoke highly of her. In serve 1, Titus addresses the public by saying "Kind Rome, that hast thus loving reserved, The cordial of tap age to glad my heart. Lavinia live, outlive thy fathers days, and fames eternal date, for virtues praise" (138). He is describing the link between Lavinia and his heart, and telling her to outlive, and go beyond him. In act 3 Titus shows he would do anything for Lavinia after her hands were chopped off. He says "Give me a sword, Ill chop off my hands too" (194). Being willin g to sacrifice his possess hands for his daughter shows his deep love for her. Lavinia means so much to Titus, that in act 3 he explains "But that which gives my soul the greatest spurn, Is unspoilt Lavinia, dearer than my soul" (195), meaning his dear Lavinias misery is giving his soul the greatest amount of hurt. After comparing Ovids description of the forest to where Titus and his sons hunted, he cries out "O had we neer, never hunted there Patterned by that the poet here describes, By nature made for murders and for rapes" (214). Titus cares so much for his daughter that he is blaming himself for hunting in a place that is set for a murder or rape to occur.     Being a traditionalist is another quality that made Titus an honorable man. In act 1 Titus shows his respect for religious tradition by telling Tamora, "Alive and dead, and for their brethren slain, Religiously they ask a sacrifice. To this your son is marked, and die he must, T appease their groaning shadows that are asleep(p)" (135). He is obeying religion and will kill Tamoras oldest son (Alarbus), for those who have sinned in his family. When Alarbus is being buried in act 1, Titus makes a speech that states "In calmness and honour rest you here, my sons Romes readiest champions, repose you here in rest, Secure from worldly chances and mishaps.